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Nervous System
Chapter 10 Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| this employs chemical messengers called hormones to communicate with cells | Endocrine System |
| this uses electrical signals to transmit messages at lightening speed | Nervous System |
| the system that only consists of the Brain and spinal cord is called the | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| the system that consists of the vast network of nerves throughout the body is called | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| these cells are excitable, impulse-conducting cells that perform the work of the nervous system | Neurons |
| These cells protect Neurons | Neuroglia |
| these are also called Glial Cells | Neuroglia |
| these cells form the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord | Oligodendrocytes |
| these cells line the spinal cord and cavities of the brain, they also secrete cerebrospinal fluid | Ependymal cells |
| these cells preform as phagocytes | Microglia |
| these cells extend through brain tissue, nourish neurons and help form the blood barrier | Astrocytes |
| these cells form the myelin sheath around nerves in the PNS | Schwann Cells |
| this exist throughout the brain. it allows small molecules (like oxygen, carbon dioxide and water) to diffuse across the brain but blocks larger molecules from entering | Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) |
| these neurons detect stimuli, such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, or chemicals, and then transmit information about the stimuli to the CNS | Sensory (Afferent) Neurons |
| these are found only in the CNS, they connect the incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways | Interneurons |
| these Neurons relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells | Motor (efferent) Neurons |
| these neurons, have one axon and multiple dendrites | Multipolar Neurons |
| These neurons, have two processes: an axon and a dendrite with the cell body in between the two processes | Bipolar Neurons |
| these neurons only have one process, an axon that extends form the cell body before branching in a T shape | Unipolar Neurons |
| this part of the cell is the control center of the neuron and contains the nucleus | Cell Body |
| this is also called the soma | Cell Body |
| on the neuron, these look like the bare branches of a tree, they receive signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body | Dendrites |
| this part of the neuron, carries nerve signals away from the cell body and is longer then dendrites and contains a few branches | Axon |
| the axons of many (not all)neurons are encased in a | Myelin Sheath |
| gaps in the myelin sheath are called | Nodes Of Ranvier |
| the axon branches are called | Axon terminals |
| at the end of axon terminals are the | Synaptic knobs |
| this is essential for an injured nerve to regenerate | Neurilemma |
| ions with opposite electrical charges are separated by a membrane, the potential exists for them to move toward one another is called | Membrane Potential |
| An excess of positive ions in one side of the membrane and an excess of negative ions on the other side is called | Polarized |
| the state of being inactive and polarized is called | Resting potential |
| as a membrane becomes more positive its said to be | Depolarized |
| if the neuron has become active as it conducts an impulse along the axon, this process is called | Action potential |
| although the membrane is polarized, the neuron wont respond to a new stimulus as long as the Na+ and K+ are on the wrong sides of the membrane. this us known as the | Refractory Pump |
| when impulses "Leap" from node to node. this type of signal is called | Saltatory Conduction |
| space between the junction of two neurons in a neural pathway is called | Synapse |
| extend from the end of the spinal cord is a bundle of nerve roots called the | Cauda Equina |
| nerve tissue containing mostly neurons and interneurons | Gray matter |
| nervous tissue containing bundles of axons that carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another | White Matter |
| a small space that lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae | Epidural Space |
| thus carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord | the central canal |
| this nerve contains fibers that carry sensory information into the spinal cord | Dorsal (Posterior) Nerve root |
| cell bodies of the dorsal neurons are clustered in a knot-like structure called a | Ganglion |
| this a single nerve resulting form the fusion of the dorsal and ventral nerve roots | Spinal Nerve |
| sensory and motor fibers that transmit impulses in two direction is called a | Mixed Nerve |
| fibers in this area exit form the ventral horn and to carry motor information out of the spinal cord | Ventral (anterior) Nerve root |
| the transparent membrane that clings to the outer surface of the brain and the spinal cord. it also contains blood vessels | Pia mater |
| this space lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid | Subarachnoid space |
| a delicate layer on the spine that resembles a cobweb | Arachnoid Mater |
| the tough layer on the spine is called the | Dura mater |
| this tract relays sensations of deep pressure and vibration as well as those needed to create awareness of the body's position | Dorsal Column |
| this tract is responsible for proprioception | Spinocerebellar |
| this tract relays sensations of temperature, pressure, pain and touch | Spinothalamic tract |
| these tracts are also called the pyramidal tracts | Conticospinal tracts |
| these tracts are responsible for fine movements of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes on the opposite side of the body | Corticospinal tracts |
| these tracts are a group of tracts associated with balance and muscle tone | Extrapyramidal Tracts |
| this consists of many nerve axons encased by connective tissue | Nerve |
| nerve fibers are gathered together in bundles called | Fascicles |
| nerve that contain both sensory and motor fiber are called | Mixed Nerves |
| nerves that only contain sensory afferent fibers are called | Sensory Nerves |
| nerves that only contain motor efferent fibers are called | Motor Nerves |
| this part of the spine contains nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the neck, top of the shoulders, and part of the head | The Cervical Plexus |
| a nerve that simulates that diaphragm for breathing | Phrenic Nerve |
| the plexus that innervates the lower part of the shoulders and the arm | Brachial Plexus |
| the plexus that is derived from the fibers of the first four lumbar vertebrae and supplies the tight and keg | Lumbar Plexus |
| the key nerve in the lumbar plexus is the | Femoral Nerve |
| The plexus that is formed from fibers from nerves L4, L5 and S1 through S4. is called the | Sacral Plexus |
| this is the largest nerve in the body is called the | Sciatic Nerve |
| each spinal nerve innervates a specific area of the skin. these areas are called | Dermatomes |
| the largest portion of the brain is called the | Cerebrum |
| the surface of the brain is marked by thick ridges called | Gyri |
| the shallow groves on the brain are called | Sulci |
| Deep Sulci on the brain are called | Fissures |
| this sits between the cerebrum and the midbrain | Diencephalon |
| this is the second largest region of the brain | Cerebellum |
| this leads from the brain to the rest of the body | The Brainstem |
| a deep groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres are called | Longitudinal Fissures |
| A thick bundle of nerves that runs along the bottom of the longitudinal fissure is called the | Corpus Callosum |
| the gray matter that covers the cerebrum and cerebellum in a layer is called the | Cortex |
| gray matter that exists in patches throughout the white matter is called | Nuclei |
| these Arch though the cerebral hemispheres: one in the right and on in the left hemispheres | Lateral Ventricles |
| Each lateral ventricles connects to a | Third Ventricle |
| A clear colorless fluid that fills the ventricles and central canal is called | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| the CSF is formed blood by What plexus? | Choroid Plexus |
| this part of the brainstem contains tracts that relay sensory and motor impulses | the Midbrain |
| this part of the brainstem contains tracts that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain | The Pons |
| this part of the brainstem attaches the brain to the spinal cord | Medulla Oblongata |
| this part of the brainstem regulates heart rate | Cardiac center |
| this part of the brainstem controls blood vessel diameter, which, in turn, affects blood pressure | Vasomotor center |
| this part of the brainstem regulates breathing | Respiratory center |
| Shape like who eggs sitting side by side, this resides on top of the brainstem | The Thalamus |
| this lies just blow the thalamus and controls the automatic nervous system | Hypothalamus |
| this lobe of the brain governs voluntary movements, emotions, social judgment, decision making, reasoning , and aggression | Frontal Lobe |
| this part of the lobe is concerned in receiving and interpreting bodily sensations such as touch, temperature, pressure and pain | Parietal Lobe |
| this lobe governs hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior, and visual recognition | Temporal Lobe |
| the is lobe is concerned with analyzing and interpreting visual information | Occipital Lobe |
| this plays a role in many different functions, including perception, motor control, self awareness, and cognitive functioning | Insula |
| this makes up the bulk of the cerebrum and consists of myelinated fibers, called tracts | White matter |
| part of the limbic system it is charged with converting short-term memory into long-term memory | Hippocampus |
| part of the limbic system that has two-almond shaped masses of neurons on either side of the thalamus. concerned with emotions and can recall emotions from the past | Amygdala |
| this part of the brain determines with movements are required to perform a specific task | Motor Association Area |
| this part of the brain sends impulse through the motor tracts in the brainstem and spinal cord | Precentral Gyrus |
| this is the primary somatic sensory of the brain | Postcentral Gyrus |
| the cortex that sends impulses to the muscles necessary to pronounce words | Primary motor Cortex |
| this plans muscle movements required of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lip to form words | Broca's Area |
| this formulates the words into phrases that comply with learned grammatical rules | Wernicke's Area |
| written word stimulates this | Primary visual cortex |
| this translates the written words into a form that can be spoken | Angular Gyrus |
| this area interprets the sense of smell | olfactory association area |
| this area gives us the ability to recognize familiar sounds | Auditory Association Area |
| this part is responsible for hearing | Primary Auiditory complex |
| this handles the interpretation and sensation of taste | primary gustatory complex |
| this area interprets the information acquired through the primary visual cortex, it allow us to recognize familiar objects | Visual association area |
| this is responsible for sight | Primary Visual Cortex |
| this is the subdivision of the nervous system responsible for regulating the activities that maintain homeostasis | Automatic Nervous System (ANS) |
| ANS is also called the | Visceral Motor System |
| the ANS of two divisions: this division is referred to as "fight or flight" | Sympathetic |
| this division is Referred to as "rest and Digest" | Parasympathetic |
Created by:
Leci81
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