St Marys Annapolis 7th Grade sicial studies
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| John Locke | English thinker, said Every man has 3 natural rights
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| Voltaire | French thinker, wanted Separation of Church and State, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Speech
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| Montesquieu | French thinker, Government must have a separation of powers (3 branches –legislative, executive, judicial) to ensure freedom and liberty. Checks and balances in government
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| Thomas Hobbes | Said Society is chaos, “Men, are by nature, selfish and competitive,” and Give all power to absolute government to control evil behaviors
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| Adam Smith | English thinker, said Laissez-faire – “let it be”, Capitalism- free market economy
The First Estate of the French Revolution
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| The First Estate consisted of | less than 1% of the population.
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| The Second Estate of the French revolution | consisted of the nobility of France, including members of the royal family, except for the King.
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| The Second Estate consisted of | less than 2% of the population.
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| The Third Estate of the French Revolution | was made up of everyone else, from peasant farmers to the bourgeoisie – the wealthy business class.
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| The Third Estates consisted of | 97% of the population.
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| The nobility required the Third Estates to pay What | the taille
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| The Taille | a tax that generally equaled 35%-40% of one’s income
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| Priests required to pay what in taxes | a tithe
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| a tithe | a 10% tax on all income for each parishioner
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| 3 Outcomes of the Berlin Conference | i. Any foreign power must announce their intent to colonize territory in Africa
ii. Had to maintain control in order to make claim legitimate
iii. Any treaty with Africa King/tribal leader was valid
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| Estates General | a meeting of representatives from all three Estates to advise the King on what course of action to take
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| National Assembly | a new legislative body designed to work on behalf of the common people
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| August 1789, the National Assembly | formally approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man, declaring men equal under the law
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| Revolutionary leaders adopted the expression | “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” as their slogan
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| Why do Divisions develop within revolution | Divided about what to do about the King
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| Radicals | opposed the idea of a monarchy and supported broad changes in the government
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| Moderates | Wanted to see the King’s power limited, but not to do away with the monarchy as the radicals suggested
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| Conservatives | Supported a limited monarchy with few changes in the structure of the government
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| The Jacobins | were a radical, political club that debated current political issues and who organized and planned events
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| The Jacobin Club had two very famous members | Marat and Robepierre
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| Marat | was the leading radical journalist who supported the execution of any enemy of the Revolution
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| Robespierre | was the leading Jacobin and greatest supporter of the Revolution and the Third Estates.
Reign of Terror
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| The guillotine | The Terror had a special tool used to implement its fear and punishment
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| Napoleon’s 6 reform efforts | Education, Government, Napoleonic Code, Religion, Infrastructure
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| Napoleonic Code | a set of clear laws applicable to all members of French society
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| The Concordat | Napoleon signed an agreement with the Pope returning all land and rights to the Church
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| Napoleon Infrastructure | Built Roads Dams canals for military purposes
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| Congress of Vienna | tried to restore the balance in Europe to pre-Napoleon times By restoring European monarchs and nobility to their proper place
Greece earned their independence in
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| Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon | was elected president of the first French Republic in 1848
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| Czar Alexander II freed all serfs in Russia when | in 1861, officially ending feudalism in Europe
Italy earned their independence when
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| Victor Emmanuel II | was kingof Italy in 1870
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| Otto von Bismarck unified Germany when | 1871
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| King Wilhelm I | ruled unified Germany in 1871
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| Toussaint L’Overture | started revolt in Haiti – earned independence in 1804 – first Latin American colony to earn independence
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| Mexico earned independence When | 1821
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| Father Miguel Hidalgo | who issued the “Grito de Dolores” in 1821 when mexico declared independence
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| Simon Bolivar | led Peru, Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela to independence in 1824
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| Why did European powers began to colonize Africa | African has a vast wealth of raw materials
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| David Livingstone | explored Africa on behalf of King Leopold II of Belgium
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| Forces behind Imperialism in Africa | 1.Access to abundant raw materials 2. European countries could export products to new markets 3. Gaining colonies is a sign of greatness (of the empire) 4. Racism
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| Berlin Conference | meeting between European powers to decide how divide Africa in fair way
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| British East India Trading Company grew very powerful in what Country | India
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| British East India Trading Company did 2 things | 1. Set up imperial government 2. Had their own army – sepoys – Indian troops serving British army
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| Sepoys | Indian troops serving British army
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| Battle of Plassey | Defeated the Mughal Empire in 1857
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| Raj | period of British rule in India from 1800s – 1947
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| Positive Effects of British rule | 1. Britain built infrastructure – roads, canals, bridges
2. Opened schools and colleges across India
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| Negative Effects of British Rule | 1. Indian businesses could not keep pace with British industry
2. Christian missionaries corrupted and weakened Indian religion
3. Indians hated blatant British racism
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| Sepoy Mutiny | On May 10th, 1857, the sepoys started a rebellion against British rule
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| Imperialism | The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring colonies; when a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, and socially
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| Colonialism | A form of Imperialism; Exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one; the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country
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| Scramble for Africa | European countries quickly colonizing the lands of Africa for 1. Natural resources and 2. Economic Opportunity 3. Religion
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| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others and is the standard by which all other cultures should be measured
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| . Missionary | A person who goes to another country to do religious and social work; person sent by a church to spread it's religion among nonbelievers
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| Indirect Rule | Keeping the local power structure (government) and making it a part of the colonial administration. Local leaders followed the rules of colonialism
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| Direct Rule | Impose their rules and government on colony. No powers given to local people, and ruled by a governor
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| Capital | Monetary resources
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| Depletion | The use or consumption of a resource, especially a natural resource, faster than it is replenished
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| Exploitation | taking advantage of
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| Genocide | The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group
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| Cash crop | a crop grown strictly for sale; a plant that is grown to be sold for money instead of personal use
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| Nationalism | patriot feeling, feeling one country is superior to another
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| Mercantilism | an economic system where the wealth of a nation depends on its possession of precious metals (bullionism)
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