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Enlightenment Thinke
St Marys Annapolis 7th Grade sicial studies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| John Locke | English thinker, said Every man has 3 natural rights |
| Voltaire | French thinker, wanted Separation of Church and State, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Speech |
| Montesquieu | French thinker, Government must have a separation of powers (3 branches –legislative, executive, judicial) to ensure freedom and liberty. Checks and balances in government |
| Thomas Hobbes | Said Society is chaos, “Men, are by nature, selfish and competitive,” and Give all power to absolute government to control evil behaviors |
| Adam Smith | English thinker, said Laissez-faire – “let it be”, Capitalism- free market economy The First Estate of the French Revolution |
| The First Estate consisted of | less than 1% of the population. |
| The Second Estate of the French revolution | consisted of the nobility of France, including members of the royal family, except for the King. |
| The Second Estate consisted of | less than 2% of the population. |
| The Third Estate of the French Revolution | was made up of everyone else, from peasant farmers to the bourgeoisie – the wealthy business class. |
| The Third Estates consisted of | 97% of the population. |
| The nobility required the Third Estates to pay What | the taille |
| The Taille | a tax that generally equaled 35%-40% of one’s income |
| Priests required to pay what in taxes | a tithe |
| a tithe | a 10% tax on all income for each parishioner |
| 3 Outcomes of the Berlin Conference | i. Any foreign power must announce their intent to colonize territory in Africa ii. Had to maintain control in order to make claim legitimate iii. Any treaty with Africa King/tribal leader was valid |
| Estates General | a meeting of representatives from all three Estates to advise the King on what course of action to take |
| National Assembly | a new legislative body designed to work on behalf of the common people |
| August 1789, the National Assembly | formally approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man, declaring men equal under the law |
| Revolutionary leaders adopted the expression | “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” as their slogan |
| Why do Divisions develop within revolution | Divided about what to do about the King |
| Radicals | opposed the idea of a monarchy and supported broad changes in the government |
| Moderates | Wanted to see the King’s power limited, but not to do away with the monarchy as the radicals suggested |
| Conservatives | Supported a limited monarchy with few changes in the structure of the government |
| The Jacobins | were a radical, political club that debated current political issues and who organized and planned events |
| The Jacobin Club had two very famous members | Marat and Robepierre |
| Marat | was the leading radical journalist who supported the execution of any enemy of the Revolution |
| Robespierre | was the leading Jacobin and greatest supporter of the Revolution and the Third Estates. Reign of Terror |
| The guillotine | The Terror had a special tool used to implement its fear and punishment |
| Napoleon’s 6 reform efforts | Education, Government, Napoleonic Code, Religion, Infrastructure |
| Napoleonic Code | a set of clear laws applicable to all members of French society |
| The Concordat | Napoleon signed an agreement with the Pope returning all land and rights to the Church |
| Napoleon Infrastructure | Built Roads Dams canals for military purposes |
| Congress of Vienna | tried to restore the balance in Europe to pre-Napoleon times By restoring European monarchs and nobility to their proper place Greece earned their independence in |
| Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon | was elected president of the first French Republic in 1848 |
| Czar Alexander II freed all serfs in Russia when | in 1861, officially ending feudalism in Europe Italy earned their independence when |
| Victor Emmanuel II | was kingof Italy in 1870 |
| Otto von Bismarck unified Germany when | 1871 |
| King Wilhelm I | ruled unified Germany in 1871 |
| Toussaint L’Overture | started revolt in Haiti – earned independence in 1804 – first Latin American colony to earn independence |
| Mexico earned independence When | 1821 |
| Father Miguel Hidalgo | who issued the “Grito de Dolores” in 1821 when mexico declared independence |
| Simon Bolivar | led Peru, Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela to independence in 1824 |
| Why did European powers began to colonize Africa | African has a vast wealth of raw materials |
| David Livingstone | explored Africa on behalf of King Leopold II of Belgium |
| Forces behind Imperialism in Africa | 1.Access to abundant raw materials 2. European countries could export products to new markets 3. Gaining colonies is a sign of greatness (of the empire) 4. Racism |
| Berlin Conference | meeting between European powers to decide how divide Africa in fair way |
| British East India Trading Company grew very powerful in what Country | India |
| British East India Trading Company did 2 things | 1. Set up imperial government 2. Had their own army – sepoys – Indian troops serving British army |
| Sepoys | Indian troops serving British army |
| Battle of Plassey | Defeated the Mughal Empire in 1857 |
| Raj | period of British rule in India from 1800s – 1947 |
| Positive Effects of British rule | 1. Britain built infrastructure – roads, canals, bridges 2. Opened schools and colleges across India |
| Negative Effects of British Rule | 1. Indian businesses could not keep pace with British industry 2. Christian missionaries corrupted and weakened Indian religion 3. Indians hated blatant British racism |
| Sepoy Mutiny | On May 10th, 1857, the sepoys started a rebellion against British rule |
| Imperialism | The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring colonies; when a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, and socially |
| Colonialism | A form of Imperialism; Exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one; the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country |
| Scramble for Africa | European countries quickly colonizing the lands of Africa for 1. Natural resources and 2. Economic Opportunity 3. Religion |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others and is the standard by which all other cultures should be measured |
| . Missionary | A person who goes to another country to do religious and social work; person sent by a church to spread it's religion among nonbelievers |
| Indirect Rule | Keeping the local power structure (government) and making it a part of the colonial administration. Local leaders followed the rules of colonialism |
| Direct Rule | Impose their rules and government on colony. No powers given to local people, and ruled by a governor |
| Capital | Monetary resources |
| Depletion | The use or consumption of a resource, especially a natural resource, faster than it is replenished |
| Exploitation | taking advantage of |
| Genocide | The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group |
| Cash crop | a crop grown strictly for sale; a plant that is grown to be sold for money instead of personal use |
| Nationalism | patriot feeling, feeling one country is superior to another |
| Mercantilism | an economic system where the wealth of a nation depends on its possession of precious metals (bullionism) |
Created by:
FASnyder
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