Chapter 12 Q & A
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What are the structures of the endocrine system? | Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroids, thyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, & testes
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| What is the role of hormones in the endocrine system? | They travel through the bloodstream to stimulate specific target cells. They then bind with a receptor to trigger changes within the cell.
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| What is the function of the anterior pituitary? | Consisting of glandular tissue, it synthesizes & secretes a number of very important hormones, under the direction of the hypothalamus
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| What is the function of the posterior pituitary? | Consisting of neural tissue, it simply stores hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus
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| What is the function of the pineal? | Produces melatonin and MAY also regulate the timing of puberty
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| What is the function of the thymus? | It secretes thymosin and thymopoietin, 2 hormones that have a role in the development of the immune system
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| What is the function of the thyroid gland? | It secretes T3 & T4, and can also store them for later use, increases the body's metabolic rate, increases heat production, and calcitonin is also secreted here
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| What is the function of the parathyroid gland? | Secretes PTH to maintain calcium homeostasis
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| What is the function of the adrenal glands? | The adrenal medulla secretes catacholamines to prepare the body for physical activity and boost glucose levels. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids such as mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & sex steroids
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| What is the function of the pancreas? | As an endocrine gland, the alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, & delta cells secrete somatostatin
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| What is gigantism? | Hypersecretion of growth hormone during a child's growing years resulting in rapid, excessive skeletal growth
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| What is acromegaly? | Hypersecretion of growth hormone, after the epiphysial plates have fused, forming new bone, causing the hands, feet, face, & jaw to enlarge
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| What is pituitary dwarfism? | Hyposecretion of growth hormone while a child is still growing causing stunted growth. Usually treated with growth hormone injections
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| What is seasonal affective disorder? | Occurring during winter months, when sunlight is limited, high levels of melatonin cause sleepiness, depression, irritability, & carb cravings.
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| What is cretinism? | If a child is born without a thyroid gland, the lack of TH causes retarded growth & sexual development, low metabolic rate, & mental retardation
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| What is myxedema | Prolonged hyposecretion of TH later in life causing weight gain, hair loss, fatigue, & swelling & firmness of the skin
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| What is Graves' disease? | Hypersecretion of TH that stimulates the body's metabolism, causing unexplained weight loss, increased heart rate, nervousness, & exophthalmos
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| What is simple goiter? | An enlarged thyroid gland due to dietary deficiency of iodine. Without iodine, the production of TH falls
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| What is tetany? | Caused by hypocalcemia, it is the sustained contraction of a muscle
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| What is carpopedal spasm? | A cardinal sign of hypocalcemia, it is tetany of the hands and feet
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| What are the effects of hypocalcemia? | Nerve & muscle cells become more excitable. This leads to muscle tremors, spasms, or tetany. A further drop in calcium can cause the muscles of the larynx to spasm enough to stop airflow
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| What are the effects of hypercalcemia? | Fewer sodium ions flow in & the cells becomes less responsive, resulting in muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, & in severe cases, cardiac arrest
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| What is Cushing syndrome? | Hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal gland, causing "moon face", "buffalo hump", hyperglycemia, muscle weakness, edema, & hypertension. Also the hypersecretion of adrenal androgens results in premature puberty & masculine characteristics in women
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| What is Addison's disease? | Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids resulting in loss of fluid & electrolytes, weakness, muscle wasting, dehydration, & weight loss. Also called adrenal cortical insufficiency, without treatment, it is life-threatening
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| How does aging effect the endocrine system? | There is a decrease in secretion of TH, decrease in metabolism, osteoporosis, gradual rise in fasting glucose levels, decreased muscle mass, & increase in fat storage
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| What is the cause of diabetes? | Inadequate amount of insulin or a diminished number of normal insulin receptors
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| What are the signs of diabetes? | Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, & polyphagia
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| What are the complications of diabetes? | If left untreated, it results in fatigue, weight loss, & ketone bodies. This causes nausea, vomiting, fruity odor of the breath, & possibly coma & death. Diabetes damages blood vessels and causes kidney disease
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