Chapter 12 definitions
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| Adenohypophysis | Anterior pituitary gland; larger of the pituitary glands; consists of glandular tissue
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| Adrenal cortex | Outer portion of the adrenal gland that secretes corticosteroids
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| Adrenal gland | Gland perched on top of the kidney; consists of 2 distinct glands - the adrenal medulla & the adrenal cortex
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| Adrenal medulla | Inner portion of adrenal gland that functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system
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| Catacholamines | Epinephrine and norepinephrine; secreted by adrenal medulla
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| Corticosteroids | Steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
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| Endocrine gland | Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
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| Gonads | Primary sex organs, which are the testes in males and the ovaries in females
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| Graves' disease | Disorder resulting from hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
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| Hormones | Chemicals secreted by glands and specialized cells of the endocrine system
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| Neurohypophysis | Posterior pituitary gland; smaller of the pituitary glands; consists of neural tissue
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| Pancreas | Secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) as well as hormones used to regulate blood glucose levels (endocrine function)
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| Parathyroid glands | Glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that secrete a hormone used to regulate blood calcium levels
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| Pineal gland | Produces the hormone melatonin, which increases at night and decreases during the day
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| Pituitary gland | Small gland attached to the lower surface of the hypothalamus that secretes a number of hormones that regulate many bodily processes; consists of an anterior and posterior lobe
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| Target cells | Cells having receptors for a particular hormone
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| Tetany | Sustained muscle contraction
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| Thymus | Secretes hormones having a role in the development of the immune system
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| Thyroid gland | Gland in the neck theat secretes hormones that affect the body's metabolic rate
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| Infundibulum | A stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary
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| Releasing hormones | Stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones
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| Inhibiting hormones | Suppress hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary
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| Tropic hormones | Stimulate other endocrine cells to release their hormones
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone; thyrotropin
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| Growth hormone (GH) | Acts on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, lipid & carb metabolism, & bone & skeletal muscle growth; somatotropin
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| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | A gonadotropin that stimulates ovulation & estrogen & progesterone synthesis in females & the secretion of testosterone by the testes in males
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| Prolactin | Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females; in males, it may make the testes more sensitive to LH
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Gonadotropin that stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries of females & sperm in the testes of males
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| Oxytocin | Stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth; also triggers the release of milk from the breasts during lactation
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume & prevent dehydration; also called vasopressin
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| Thyroid colloid | Thick fluid that fills the thyroid follicles of thryoid tissue
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| Calcitonin | Secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid that triggers the deposition of calcium in bone, thus, promoting bone formation
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| Aldosterone | Principle mineralocorticoid that acts on the kidneys to promote Na+ retention & K+ secretion; also causes water retention
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| Cortisol | Principle glucocorticoid that helps the body adapt to stress, repair damaged tissue, has an anti-inflammatory effect, suppresses the immune system if secreted over a long period, & essential for maintaining normal BP
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| Alpha cells | Cells in the pancreas that secrete the hormone glucagone
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| Beta cells | Cells in the pancreas that secrete the hormone insulin
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| Delta cells | Cells in the pancreas that secrete somatostatin, a hormone that works within the pancreas to inhibit the release of glucagon, insulin, & growth hormone
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| Prostaglandins | Lipid molecules that integrate the activities of other cells; released within the tissue where they are produced
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