Chapter 14
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| The heart is surrounded by a ______ ______ sac called the pericardium. | double layer
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| Two layers of the pericardium are _______pericardium and _______ pericardium | fibrous, serous
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| The fibrous pericardium is the _______ ______ made of strong connective tissue | outer layer
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| The two layers of the serous pericardium are ____ layer and ______ layer | parietal, visceral
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| The pericardial cavity of the heart contains ______ ______ to help prevent friction | serous fluid
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| The three layers of the heart are | endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
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| In the hearts wall the __________ consists of a thin layer of squamonus epithelial cells and lines the hearts chambers | enodcardium
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| The layer that covers the heart and consists of a thin layer of squamonus epithelial cells is | epicardium
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| The myocardium is middle layer of the heart and the thinnest/thickest | thickest
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| The myocardium is made of ________ _______ | cardiac muscle
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| The heart has 2/4/6 hollow chambers | 4
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| Atria are the ______ chambers of the heart | upper
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| The two lower chambers of the heart are called | ventricles
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| Vessels that transport blood to and from the heart are called | Great vessels
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| Right and left ventricles are separated by the | interventricular septum
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| Left and right atria are separated by the _______ ______ | interatrial septum
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| The ________ pump blood to the body and lungs | ventricles
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| The right ventricle pumps blood to the ________ | lungs
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| The _______ ventricle pumps blood to the body | left
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| Which side of the ventricles is thicker | the left is thicker to push more blood through the body
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| The ____ regulate the flow between the atria and the ventricles | (AV) atrioventricular valves
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| Why is the right AV valve also called the tricuspid valve | it has three leaflets
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| The right AV valve prevents backflow from the _____ ventricle to the _____ atria | right, right
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| _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle tro the left atria | Bicuspid or mitral
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| Which valves regulate flow between the ventricles and the great arteries | semilunar
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| Pulmonary valve prevents backflow from the _______ artery to the _______ ventricle | pulmonary, right
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| The aortic valve prevents backflow from the ______ to the _______ ventricle | aorta, left
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| What causes the vibrations we know as heart beats | the heart valves closing
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| The purpose of the skeleton of the heart is: | to keep the valves from stretching and acts as a barrier between the atria and ventricles.
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| What is the connection between the left and right sides of the heart | there is no connection, the blood flow is separate.
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| Describe the purpose of the chordae tendineae | to prevent the tricuspid valve from inverting
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| When the left atrium is full the _____ _____opens and blood is pumped into the left ventricle | mitral valve
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| ______ ______ pump oxygenated blood to the myocardium and deoxygenated blood goes to the | cororanary arteries,cardiac veins
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| Coronary arteries bring________ blood to feed the heart. | oxygenated
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| The left ventricle is also known as _________ and __________ valve | mitral or bicuspid
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| The left ventricle has _____ cusps | two
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| The right ventricle has _______ cusps | four
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| ________ ________ are strands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to the bottom AV valves | Chordae tenineae
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| __________ ________ are projections of muscles off of the ventricular wall that attach to the other end of the chordae tendineae | Papillary muscles
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| Superior vena cava receives blood from _______ body | upper
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| Inferior vena cava receives blood from ________ body | lower
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| Another name for the tricuspid valve is ________________ | atrioventricular valve (AV)
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| Epicardium is simple squamous epithelium covering the ___________ | myocardium
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| __________ is simple squamous empithelium lining the 4 chambers, | Endocardium
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| What semi-rigid, fibrous, connective tissue surrounds each valve. | skeleton of the heart
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| A resting heart beats ______ per minute | 75-80
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| Heart rate multiplied by ______ equals cardiac output | stroke volume
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| What two ways affect cardiac out put | changing the heart rate and stroke volume
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| The point of maximum impulse of the heart is _____ | apex
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| What slows the heart rate | parasympathetic nervous system
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| Name two functions of the fibrous skeleton | insulates electrical system of the heart and prevents valves from stretching
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| The left coronary artery branches into the ________ arteries | circumflex
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| What can cause ischemia(lack of blood) | blockage of the arteries
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| What is the pacemaker of the heart | sinoatrial node
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| Give another name for the atriventricular bundle | HIS
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| ___ _____ of an EKG represents atrial depolarization | P-wave
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| PR interval is the time it takes the impulses to travel from the ____ to the ______ | atria, valves
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| What represents ventricular depolarization | QRS complex
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| Name the gap between ventricular depolarization and repolarization | ST segment
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| What represents ventricular repolarization | T-wave
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| __________ is conscious awareness of arrhythmias | Palpitation
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| Fibrillation is uncoordinated _________ | contraction
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| What is the sequence of events in a heartbeat called | cardiac cycle
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| The contraction of a chamber is called | systolic
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| The relaxation of a chamber is called | diastolic
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| The ______systole(lub) is followed by ____________ systole(dub) | atrial,ventricular
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| Contractility is the force of _________ __________ | ventricular ejection
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| The harder the ventricle muscle fibers are stretched the more forcefully they contract is called______ _______ | Starlings law
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| ________ ________ is the difference between resting output and maximum output in liters | Cardiac reserve
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| The average amount of blood that is pumped through the ventricle is ____%-____% | 60-70
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| What is the amount of blood left in the ventricle during ejection fraction | 30%-40%
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| What opposes the ejection of blood and can decrease stroke volume | after load
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| What is an example of after load | systemic hypertension
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| The heart is located behind the ______ and ______ between the lungs | sternum, thoracic cavity
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| The _______ is the space centrally located between the lungs | mediastinum
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| The endocardium is very smooth to prevent __________ | clotting
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