European history study for an AP course
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| Pope Gregory VII | (1073-1087) Reforming pope, wanted to do away with simony (selling of offices) and lay investiture (voting for church official), was challenged by HRE Emperor Henry IV and was excommunicated
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| Pope Alexander III | (1159-1181) Known for defeating Frederick I when he tried to invade Lombardy
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| Pope Innocent III | (1198-1216) Reforming pope, 4th Lateran Council, height of papal power, led crusades against the Humiliati (Italy) and the Albigensians/Cathars (S. France)
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| Inquisition | Created to stop heresy by Pope Gregory IX, courts were made during this period to search out heretics with "wrong" beliefs
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| Magna Carte | (1215) Nobles hold King John of England for ransom and make him sign this document which established common law in England and limited the power of the monarchy
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| Estates General | Created in 1302 by King Philip IV of France, a representative court made up of three groups in society (nobility, church, laity)
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| Franciscans | Founded by St. Francis of Assisi, Pope Innocent III accepted them as a branch of Catholicism
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| St. Thomas Aquinas | Most popular Scholastic philosopher, author of "Summa Theologica", believed that God could be explained by studying the earth and creation
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| Feudalism | Economic system of the High Middle Ages, land=wealth, changed with Commercial Revolution
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| Commercial Revolution | Serfs start to pay their lords money instead of military work, credit is formed, money emerges on a small scale, this led to great urbanization with towns growing especially on the coasts
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| Vernacular Writing | Came about in the High Middle Ages when writers began to write in their own tongue and not in Latin, led to a growth in literature now that common people could understand texts
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| Black Death | (1347~1352) Also called the bubonic plague, highly contagious disease that brought many deaths and changes to social life in Europe
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| Avignon Papacy | Cause of the Great Schism, started by Pope Clement V who was persuaded by King Philip IV of France to move the papacy into France, it lasted 67 years and was called the Babylonian Captivity
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| John Wyclifffe | Labeled as a heretic and killed by the Catholic Church, his followers were called the Lollards and he was a predecessor for the Protestant Reformation
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| Hundred Years' War | (14th-15th centuries) Fought by English and French over territorial reasons, fought on French soil, Joan of Arc was key in rallying the French troops
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| Nationalism | A feeling of unity and pride for one's country
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| Renaissance | "Rebirth", started in Italy, 14th-16th centuries, art focused on human figure, linear persepctive, triangles, differed in the south and the north
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| Humanism | Attention on the classics, resurgence of language, focused on secularism (a departure from scholasticism)
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| Machiavelli | "The Prince", influential writing on political development and government in the 16th century
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| Italian Wars | Fought between the Italian city states and King Charles VIII of France, marks the decline of Italian power in Europe, balance of power
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| Concordat of Bologna | (1516) A treaty between the papacy and French crown to allow France to elect its own bishops and clergy by making Catholicism the official religion, shows the decreasing power of the Church
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| King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella | Monarchs of Spain, consolidated power under the crown, brought in the Inquisition to Spain, pushed out the Moors (Muslims), made Catholicism the main religion, "Catholic Kings"
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| Charles V | The last medieval emperor, held his large territory weakly, Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation
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| Martin Luther | (16th century) Leader of the Protestant Reformation, condemned the Catholic church for their selling of indulgences and greed, author of the 95 Theses, translated the Bible into German
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| Jean Calvin | (16th century) Reformer that believed in predestination, set a model for following churches by building his own in Geneva
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| Jesuits | Order founded by Ignatius Loyola, accepted as a branch of Catholicism by Pope Paul II, part of the Counter Reformation
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| King Henry VIII | English monarch, brought the Reformation to England, broke with the Catholic Church because the Pope refused to let him divorce his wife, established the Church of England
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| Augsburg Confession | (1530) German princes announce their faith in Protestantism, revolt against Charles V, ended with Charles V allowing the princes to decide their region's religion
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| Politiques | Rulers who put aside their religious beliefs for the sake of peace in their territory to hopefully strengthen their countries after the Wars of Religion
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| Spanish Armada | (1588) Philip II of Spain sends ships to England because of stolen gold, English support of the Dutch and the French Protestants, and the killing of Mary of Scots, a humiliating defeat for the Spanish
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| Treaty of Westphalia | Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, stated that the German princes were free to choose Lutheranism, Calvinism, or Catholicism, recognized the United Provinces as an independent nation
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| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer that sailed for Spain, reached the island of Hispaniola in 1492, stirred the Europeans curiosity of the New World
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| Glorious Revolution | (1688-9) Parliament overpowered the English crown, James II is replaced by William of Orange II and Mary, established a constitutional monarchy
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| Dutch East India Company | (17th century) One country's company that lead to dominance in India before the English took it, allowed them to control African and American trade as well
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| Social Contract Theory | A term used by both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, Hobbes believed this to be unbreakable but Locke believed in the people's power over their leader, a political term was used in the Enlightenment
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