Chapter 20 definitions
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| Amylase | Enzyme contained in saliva that breaks down starch
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| Appendix | Tubular organ attached to the lower end of the cecum; serves as a source for immune cells
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| Bile | Yellow-green fluid secreted by the liver that aids in digestion
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| Cecum | Blind pouch that serves as the beginning of the large intestine
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| Chief cells | Cells in the gastric mucosa that secrete digestive enzymes
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| Chyme | Semi-fluid mixture consisting of particles of food mixed with digestive juices
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| Dentin | Firm, yellowish tissue forming the bulk of the tooth
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| Duodenum | The 1st 10" of the small intestine; the portion of intestine that performs most digestive processes
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| Enertic nervous system | Network of nerves innervating the digestive system
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| Enteroendocrine cells | Cells in the gastric mucosa that secrete the hormone ghrelin and gastrin
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| Esophagus | Muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
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| Gallbladder | Sac attached to the liver that stores and concentrates bile
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| Gastric pits | Depressions within the gastric mucosa containing glands that secrete components of gastric juice
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| Gingiva | Tissue surrounding the necks of teeth; the gums
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| Hard palate | Bony structure that separates the mouth from the nasal cavity
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| Haustra | Pouches along the length of the large intestine
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| Ileum | The 3rd and last portion of the small intestine
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| Jejunum | The second portion of the small intestine; location where many nutrients are absorbed
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| Lacteal | Lymph vessel found inside the villi of the small intestine
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| Lipase | Enzyme that digests fat
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| Mastication | Process of chewing which begins the digestion of food
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| Mesentery | Sheet of connective tissue that suspends the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity
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| Parotid gland | Salivary gland located just underneath the skin anterior to the ear
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| Peristalsis | Wave-like muscular contractions that propels food along the digestive tract
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| Proteases | Enzymes working in the stomach and small intestine to break peptide bonds
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| Rugae | Folds of mucosa and submucosa in the stomach
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| Salivary glands | Glands in the oral cavity that secrete saliva
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| Segmentation | Type of contraction in the small intestine that involves ring-like constrictions
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| Soft palate | Structure consisting mostly of skeletal muscle that forms an arch between the mouth and nasopharynx
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| Digestive tract | Tube that extends from the mouth to the anus; alimentary canal
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| Digestion | Breaking down of food into a substance that cells can use
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| Mechanical digestion | Breaking down food into smaller pieces; 1st phase of digestion
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| Chemical digestion | Breaking down food particles into nutrients that cells can use; 2nd phase of digestion
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| Ascites | Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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| lingual frenulum | Fold of mucous membrane that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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| Bolus | Mass of moistened food that can be swallowed easily
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| Deciduous teeth | Baby teeth that fall out between the ages of 6 & 13
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| Mucous cells | Secrete mucus, which protects the stomach lining and keeps the stomach from digesting itself
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| Parietal cells | Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor to help kill microbes in swallowed food and absorb vitamin B12
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| Falciform ligament | Separate left and right lobes of the liver and serves to anchor it to the abdominal wall
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| Hepatic lobules | Tiny, 6-sided cylinders that fill the interior of the liver; functional units of the liver
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| Hepatocytes | Sheets of hepatic cells that fan out from the center of the lobule
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| Kupffer cells | Phagocytic cells that remove bacteria, worn-out RBCs, and debris from the bloodstream
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| Ampulla of Vater | Hepatopancreatic ampulla where the bile duct merges with the duct of the pancreas
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| Sphincter of Oddi | Hepatopancreatic sphincter that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum
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| Bilirubin | Main bile pigment which results from the breakdown of hemoglobin
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| Bile salts | Most important component of bilethat aid in the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine
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| Acinar cells | In the pancreas, secrete digestive enzymes in an inactive form
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| Cholecystokinin | CCK; Hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes gallbladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes
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| Gastrin | Hormone from the stomach and duodenum that triggers both gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion
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| Secretin | Released by the duodenum, causes the bile and pancreatic ducts to release bicarbonate
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| Polysaccharides | Contain many saccharide groups linked together; include starches and glycogen
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| Disaccharides | Contain 2 saccharide groups linked together; include sucrose, lactose, maltose
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| Monosaccharides | Contain onky 1 saccharide group; include glucose, fructose, and galactose
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| Emulsification | Breaking fat down into small droplets; occurs in the duodenum
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| Bacterial flora | Normal flora; over 700 species housed int he large intestine
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| Flatus | Intestinal gas
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| Hemorrhoids | Swollen, engorged veins in the anal canal
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