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Digestive system
Chapter 20 definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amylase | Enzyme contained in saliva that breaks down starch |
| Appendix | Tubular organ attached to the lower end of the cecum; serves as a source for immune cells |
| Bile | Yellow-green fluid secreted by the liver that aids in digestion |
| Cecum | Blind pouch that serves as the beginning of the large intestine |
| Chief cells | Cells in the gastric mucosa that secrete digestive enzymes |
| Chyme | Semi-fluid mixture consisting of particles of food mixed with digestive juices |
| Dentin | Firm, yellowish tissue forming the bulk of the tooth |
| Duodenum | The 1st 10" of the small intestine; the portion of intestine that performs most digestive processes |
| Enertic nervous system | Network of nerves innervating the digestive system |
| Enteroendocrine cells | Cells in the gastric mucosa that secrete the hormone ghrelin and gastrin |
| Esophagus | Muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach |
| Gallbladder | Sac attached to the liver that stores and concentrates bile |
| Gastric pits | Depressions within the gastric mucosa containing glands that secrete components of gastric juice |
| Gingiva | Tissue surrounding the necks of teeth; the gums |
| Hard palate | Bony structure that separates the mouth from the nasal cavity |
| Haustra | Pouches along the length of the large intestine |
| Ileum | The 3rd and last portion of the small intestine |
| Jejunum | The second portion of the small intestine; location where many nutrients are absorbed |
| Lacteal | Lymph vessel found inside the villi of the small intestine |
| Lipase | Enzyme that digests fat |
| Mastication | Process of chewing which begins the digestion of food |
| Mesentery | Sheet of connective tissue that suspends the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity |
| Parotid gland | Salivary gland located just underneath the skin anterior to the ear |
| Peristalsis | Wave-like muscular contractions that propels food along the digestive tract |
| Proteases | Enzymes working in the stomach and small intestine to break peptide bonds |
| Rugae | Folds of mucosa and submucosa in the stomach |
| Salivary glands | Glands in the oral cavity that secrete saliva |
| Segmentation | Type of contraction in the small intestine that involves ring-like constrictions |
| Soft palate | Structure consisting mostly of skeletal muscle that forms an arch between the mouth and nasopharynx |
| Digestive tract | Tube that extends from the mouth to the anus; alimentary canal |
| Digestion | Breaking down of food into a substance that cells can use |
| Mechanical digestion | Breaking down food into smaller pieces; 1st phase of digestion |
| Chemical digestion | Breaking down food particles into nutrients that cells can use; 2nd phase of digestion |
| Ascites | Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| lingual frenulum | Fold of mucous membrane that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth |
| Bolus | Mass of moistened food that can be swallowed easily |
| Deciduous teeth | Baby teeth that fall out between the ages of 6 & 13 |
| Mucous cells | Secrete mucus, which protects the stomach lining and keeps the stomach from digesting itself |
| Parietal cells | Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor to help kill microbes in swallowed food and absorb vitamin B12 |
| Falciform ligament | Separate left and right lobes of the liver and serves to anchor it to the abdominal wall |
| Hepatic lobules | Tiny, 6-sided cylinders that fill the interior of the liver; functional units of the liver |
| Hepatocytes | Sheets of hepatic cells that fan out from the center of the lobule |
| Kupffer cells | Phagocytic cells that remove bacteria, worn-out RBCs, and debris from the bloodstream |
| Ampulla of Vater | Hepatopancreatic ampulla where the bile duct merges with the duct of the pancreas |
| Sphincter of Oddi | Hepatopancreatic sphincter that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum |
| Bilirubin | Main bile pigment which results from the breakdown of hemoglobin |
| Bile salts | Most important component of bilethat aid in the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine |
| Acinar cells | In the pancreas, secrete digestive enzymes in an inactive form |
| Cholecystokinin | CCK; Hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes gallbladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes |
| Gastrin | Hormone from the stomach and duodenum that triggers both gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion |
| Secretin | Released by the duodenum, causes the bile and pancreatic ducts to release bicarbonate |
| Polysaccharides | Contain many saccharide groups linked together; include starches and glycogen |
| Disaccharides | Contain 2 saccharide groups linked together; include sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| Monosaccharides | Contain onky 1 saccharide group; include glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| Emulsification | Breaking fat down into small droplets; occurs in the duodenum |
| Bacterial flora | Normal flora; over 700 species housed int he large intestine |
| Flatus | Intestinal gas |
| Hemorrhoids | Swollen, engorged veins in the anal canal |
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cbooher16
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