Chemistry of Life
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| matter | has mass and occupies space
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| elements | pure substances
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| compounds | chemical combination of two or more elements
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| atoms | the smallest particle of an element
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| nucleus | the inner core of the atom
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| protons | positive charge
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| neurons | neutral charge
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| electrons | negative charge
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| isotope | atoms that have a different number of neutrons from protons
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| ion | atoms that have a different number of electrons from protons
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| atomic number | number of protons, determines what the element is
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| atomic mass | the mass of neutrons plus the mass of the protons of an atom
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| atomic weight | the average atomic mass of atoms known in the world
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| molecule | two or more atoms bonded together
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| ionic bonds | electron moves from one atom to another giving each a charge
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| cation | positive ion, has more protons than electrons
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| anion | negative ion, has more electrons than protons
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| salt | any molecule ionically bonded with ions other than hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions, many kinds
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| polyatomic ions | ions that are made up of covalently bonded molecules
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| covalent bonds | when two or more atoms share one or more electrons
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| single bonds | share one electron each
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| double bonds | share two electrons each
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| triple bonds | share three electrons each
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| hydrogen bonds | similar to ionic bond, attraction of charged particles
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| metabolism | the sum of all the chemical processes in the body
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| catabolism | breaking down compounds, releases energy
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| anabolism | building compounds, requires energy
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| chemical reaction | change brought about by creating or breaking chemical bonds
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| synthesis | bonds formed to make a new compound, requires energy
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| decomposition | bonds are broken to form two or more smaller molecules, releases energy
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| solvent | solutes dissociate in water
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| lubricant | reduces friction in GI tract and joints
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| acid | a substance that increases the concentrations of hydrogen ions in water
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| base (alkaline) | a substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in water
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| carbohydrates | energy source; contain C, H, and O
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| monosaccharide | single-sugar carbohydrate; glucose, fructose, galactose
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| deoxyribose | pentose sugar, part of DNA
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| ribose | pentose sugar, part of RNA
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| disaccharides | double-sugar carbohydrates, linked by covalent bonds
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| sucrose | table sugar, glucose + fructose
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| lactose | milk sugar, glucose + galactose
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| maltose | wheat sugar, glucose + glucose
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| oligosaccharides | 3-20 sugars, antigens (makers on cell membranes)
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| polysaccharides | up to millions of glucose molecules
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| starches | glucose storage in plants
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| glycogen | the form of glucose storage in animals, stored in liver and skeletal muscles
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| cellulose | chain of glucose in plant cell walls, unable to digest
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| lipids | fats, insoluble in water
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| true fats | glycogen and 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids
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| monyglyceride | glycerol with 1 fatty acid
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| diglyceride | glycerol with 2 fatty acids
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| triglyceride | glycerol with 3 fatty acids
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| saturated | all carbons bonded to the maximum number of hydrogens, usually solid at room temp
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| unsaturated | one or more carbons are double bonded, usually liquid at room temp
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| hydrogenated/trans fats | unsaturated fats that are converted to saturated, longer shelf life
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| phospholipids | diglycerides with phosphate group in the third bonding site, structural component of cell membrane
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| myelin | insulating sheath around nerve cells
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| steroids | many different types; estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cholesterol
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| cholesterol | other steroids are made from this, four carbon rings with a C H tail
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| proteins | made up of amino acid
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| peptide bonds | bonds between AAs
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| polypeptide bonds | chain of AAs
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| denature | lose function, cooking an egg
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| nucleic acids | DNA, RNA and ATP
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| nucleotide | pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, basic form of energy, made during cell respiration from energy when glucose is broken down
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| major elements | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus make up 98.5% of body weight
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| lesser elements | sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron make up 0.8% of body weight
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| trace elements | chromuim, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, and manganese make up 0.7% of body weight
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| inner core of the atom | contains protons (+) and neurons (neutral)
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| outer part of the atom | contains electrons (-), made up of layers or different energy levels
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| shells | different energy levels or layers of the outer part of the atom
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| valence electrons | electrons in the outermost shell
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| noble gases | more stable because their outer shells are full
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| radioactive | unstable radioisotopes which lead to radioactive decay
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| electrolytes | give a solution the ability to conduct electricity, ionization
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| polar | when H is covalently bonded to another atom it has a slightly positive charge on the end where the H is, it is then weakly attracted to negatively charged particles such as O or N
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| water | most of our body is this; acts a solvent and a lubricant, and requires high specific heat
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| organic compounds | contains carbon
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