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Ch2
Chemistry of Life
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | has mass and occupies space |
| elements | pure substances |
| compounds | chemical combination of two or more elements |
| atoms | the smallest particle of an element |
| nucleus | the inner core of the atom |
| protons | positive charge |
| neurons | neutral charge |
| electrons | negative charge |
| isotope | atoms that have a different number of neutrons from protons |
| ion | atoms that have a different number of electrons from protons |
| atomic number | number of protons, determines what the element is |
| atomic mass | the mass of neutrons plus the mass of the protons of an atom |
| atomic weight | the average atomic mass of atoms known in the world |
| molecule | two or more atoms bonded together |
| ionic bonds | electron moves from one atom to another giving each a charge |
| cation | positive ion, has more protons than electrons |
| anion | negative ion, has more electrons than protons |
| salt | any molecule ionically bonded with ions other than hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions, many kinds |
| polyatomic ions | ions that are made up of covalently bonded molecules |
| covalent bonds | when two or more atoms share one or more electrons |
| single bonds | share one electron each |
| double bonds | share two electrons each |
| triple bonds | share three electrons each |
| hydrogen bonds | similar to ionic bond, attraction of charged particles |
| metabolism | the sum of all the chemical processes in the body |
| catabolism | breaking down compounds, releases energy |
| anabolism | building compounds, requires energy |
| chemical reaction | change brought about by creating or breaking chemical bonds |
| synthesis | bonds formed to make a new compound, requires energy |
| decomposition | bonds are broken to form two or more smaller molecules, releases energy |
| solvent | solutes dissociate in water |
| lubricant | reduces friction in GI tract and joints |
| acid | a substance that increases the concentrations of hydrogen ions in water |
| base (alkaline) | a substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in water |
| carbohydrates | energy source; contain C, H, and O |
| monosaccharide | single-sugar carbohydrate; glucose, fructose, galactose |
| deoxyribose | pentose sugar, part of DNA |
| ribose | pentose sugar, part of RNA |
| disaccharides | double-sugar carbohydrates, linked by covalent bonds |
| sucrose | table sugar, glucose + fructose |
| lactose | milk sugar, glucose + galactose |
| maltose | wheat sugar, glucose + glucose |
| oligosaccharides | 3-20 sugars, antigens (makers on cell membranes) |
| polysaccharides | up to millions of glucose molecules |
| starches | glucose storage in plants |
| glycogen | the form of glucose storage in animals, stored in liver and skeletal muscles |
| cellulose | chain of glucose in plant cell walls, unable to digest |
| lipids | fats, insoluble in water |
| true fats | glycogen and 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids |
| monyglyceride | glycerol with 1 fatty acid |
| diglyceride | glycerol with 2 fatty acids |
| triglyceride | glycerol with 3 fatty acids |
| saturated | all carbons bonded to the maximum number of hydrogens, usually solid at room temp |
| unsaturated | one or more carbons are double bonded, usually liquid at room temp |
| hydrogenated/trans fats | unsaturated fats that are converted to saturated, longer shelf life |
| phospholipids | diglycerides with phosphate group in the third bonding site, structural component of cell membrane |
| myelin | insulating sheath around nerve cells |
| steroids | many different types; estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cholesterol |
| cholesterol | other steroids are made from this, four carbon rings with a C H tail |
| proteins | made up of amino acid |
| peptide bonds | bonds between AAs |
| polypeptide bonds | chain of AAs |
| denature | lose function, cooking an egg |
| nucleic acids | DNA, RNA and ATP |
| nucleotide | pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, basic form of energy, made during cell respiration from energy when glucose is broken down |
| major elements | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus make up 98.5% of body weight |
| lesser elements | sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron make up 0.8% of body weight |
| trace elements | chromuim, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, and manganese make up 0.7% of body weight |
| inner core of the atom | contains protons (+) and neurons (neutral) |
| outer part of the atom | contains electrons (-), made up of layers or different energy levels |
| shells | different energy levels or layers of the outer part of the atom |
| valence electrons | electrons in the outermost shell |
| noble gases | more stable because their outer shells are full |
| radioactive | unstable radioisotopes which lead to radioactive decay |
| electrolytes | give a solution the ability to conduct electricity, ionization |
| polar | when H is covalently bonded to another atom it has a slightly positive charge on the end where the H is, it is then weakly attracted to negatively charged particles such as O or N |
| water | most of our body is this; acts a solvent and a lubricant, and requires high specific heat |
| organic compounds | contains carbon |
Created by:
Darren24
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