Chapter 18 definitions
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| Excretion | Process of eliminating wastes from the body
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| Renal cortex | Forms the outer region of the kidney
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| Renal medulla | Forms the inner region of the kidney
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| Renal pyramids | Cone-shaped sections of the renal medulla that consists of tubules for transporting urine away from the cortex
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| Renal papilla | Point of the renal medulla that faces the hilum
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| Minor calyx | Cup that collects urine leaving the renal papilla
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| Major calyx | Where 2 or 3 minor calyces join together
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| Renal pelvis | Receives urine from the major calyces
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| Renal artery | Branches off the abdominal aorta and brings blood to the kidney
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| Renal vein | Empties blood leaving the kidney into the inferior vena cava
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| Nephrons | Filtration units of the kidney; extend between the cortex and the medulla; well supplied with blood
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| Afferent arterioles | Arising from smaller arteries, supplies blood to 1 nephron
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| Glomerulus | Cluster of capillaries enclosed by Bowman's capsule
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| Efferent arteriole | Where blood leaves the glomerulus
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| Peritubular capillaries | Network of capillaries around the renal tubules; pick up water and solutes reabsorbed by the renal tubules
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| Renal corpuscle | Beginning of the nephron; consists of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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| Renal tubule | Series of tube-like structures leading away from the glomerulus
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| Collecting duct | Receives drainage from the distal convoluted tubules of several different nephons
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| GFR | Glomerular filtration rate; the amount of fluid filtered by both kidneys; about 180 liters each day
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| Proteinuria | Abnormal presence of protein in the urine
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| Aldosterone | Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that causes the distal convoluted tubule to retain Na+, which leads to increased retention of water. Blood volume increases and blood pressure rises
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| ANP | Atrial natriuretic peptide; hormone secreted by the atria of the heartwhich inhibits secretion of aldosterone and antidiuretic; reduces blood volume and pressure
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| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone; secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, causes the distal and collecting tubes to be more permeable to H2O; urine volume falls, blood pressure and volume increase
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| PTH | Parathyroid hormone; Secreted by the parathyroid glands; prompts the renal tubules to reabsorb more calcium and excrete more phosphate
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| Urinalysis | Examination of the characteristics of urine
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| Oliguria | Urine output of less than 400ml/day; insufficient for clearing waste products from the body
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| Detrusor muscle | Wall of the bladder consisting of 3 layers of smooth muscle
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| Rugae | Folds of mucous transitional epithelium lining the bladder
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| Trigone | Triangular shaped, smooth area on the floor of the bladder; commonly attacked by infections
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| Internal urethral sphincter | Ring of smooth muscle where the urethra leaves the bladder; contracts involuntarily to retain urine in the bladder
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| External urinary sphincter | Where the urethra passes thru the pelvic floor; consists of skeletal muscle under voluntary control
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| External urinary meatus | The opening of the urethra leading to the outside of the body
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| Angiotensin | Plasma protein produced when renin is released from the kidney
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| Angiotensin II | Stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone
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| Diuresis | Secretion of large amounts of urine
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| Hilum | Concave notch on the medial side of the kidney; where blood vessels, the ureters, and nerves enter and leave the kidney
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| Renin | Enzyme released by the kidneys in response to a drop in blood pressure that causes the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
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| Specific gravity | Measurement that indicates the amount of solid matter in a liquid
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