Sense Organs
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| Sensory Organs | provides us with information about our surroundings and our internal activity.
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| The 4 sensory pathways are | Receptor, Sensory neuron, sensory tracts, and sensory area.
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| The receptor | detects stimuli and genrate impulses.
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| The receptors sepecific types for each type of stimuli examples are | pressure, temperature, pain, light, etc.
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| Sensory tracts | functionally related bundles of fibers in the white matter of the spinal cord or brain.
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| Sensory areaa | usually in the cerebral cortex and interpret sensory input.
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| There are 5 classification of receptors which are | Chemorecptor, mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and photo receptors.
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| Chemoreceptors | reacts to chemicals. For example, odors, taste, blood chemistry, etc.
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| Mechanoreceptors | responds to pressure,stretch, or vibration. For example, physical movement. Also, detects sounds.
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| Proprioceptors | are a type of mechanoreceptor in muscles and joints.
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| Thermoreceptors | responds to temperature.
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| Nociceptors | detect tissue damage and give the sense of pain.
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| Photoreceptors | detect light.
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| There are 5 characteristics of sensations which are | Type, projection, intensity, adaptation, and contrast.
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| Sensation: Type | is sensory receptors only respond to one type of stimulus.
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| Projection | is the preception of sensation in any given area.
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| Each receptor is attached to a neuron that goes to a specific part of the brain from a specific part of the body | this is how the brain knows were the sensation comes from.
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| Phantom pain | perception of pain in an area that doesn't exist.
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| Intensity | determined by the number of receptors stimulated and the amount of stimulation in each.
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| Adaptation is becoming _______ aware of the continuing stimulation. | less
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| In adaptation, receptors generate _______ impulses with continued stimulation. | fewer
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| Examples of adaptation are | "getting used to" hot shower, cool pool, hot tub, wrist watch.
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| Contrast | effects of a previous or simultaneous sensation on a current sensation.
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| An example of contrast is | cold pool on a hot day will feel cooler that it actually is.
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| The 3 types of general senses are | Pain, temperature, and Touch.
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| Pain | is detected by nociceptors which is free nerve endings.
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| Fast fibers is an abundant in | the skin and the mucous membrane.
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| Fast fiber pain example is | sharp stabbing pain; like when you have an injury.
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| Slow fibers | are in deep body organs.
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| Slow fiber pain example is | dull achy.
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| Referred pain | is pain from the visceral organ felt in a cutaneous area.
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| Temperature | can be detected by nere free endings.
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| Temperature is located in the ______. | skin.
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| Temperature pain can become painful at _________ ______________. | extreme temperatures.
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| Touch is encapsulated nerve endings that detects | touch and pressure.
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| Sensitivity is determined by the _____________ of receptors present. | number.
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| The 2 special senses are | taste and smell.
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| Taste also known as | gustation.
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| The receptor in taste are called | taste buds.
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| Taste buds are made of receptors called | gustatory cells.
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| Gustatory cells also know as | taste cells.
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| Chemoreceptor detects ___________ in food dissolved in saliva. | chemicals.
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| Bumps on the tongue are called | papillae.
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| There are 4 types of papillae: | vallate, foliate, filiform, and fungiform.
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| Vallate is located | back of the tongue.
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| Foliate are fold in the | back side.
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| Filiform is the white formation in your tongue and | this does NOT have any taste buds.
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| Fungiform looks like a | mushroom.
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| Taste is enhance by | smell.
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| Smell is also known as | Olfaction.
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| Olfactory receptors are | Chemoreceptors.
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| Chemorecptors detects | vaporized chemicals in the upper nasal cavity.
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| Smell helps us ________ our food. | taste.
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| There are 3 areas of the ear. | Outer ear, Middle ear, and Inner ear.
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| The ear contains receptors for hearing and equilibrium found in the | inner ear.
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| The outer ear includes | the auricle and ear canal.
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| Auricle also known as | pinna
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| Auricle | is an elastic cartilage covered with skin and funnels sound into the ear canal.
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| Ear Canal is an external acoutic meatus, and it is lined with ceruminous and sebaceous glands. It ends at the | eardrum.
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| Middle ear is ____ filled cavity that contaims the ossicles and is drained by the eustachian tubes. | air
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| Eardrum also known as | tympanic membrane
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| tympanic membrane | seperates the middle ear from the outer ear.
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| the eardrum vibrates with sound waves and transfers energy to | ossicles.
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| there are 3 types of auditory ossciles. | Malleus, Incus, and stapes.
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| Malleus means | mallet or hammer.
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| Incus is | anvil.
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| Stapes looks like a | stirrup.
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| Stapes transfers and amplifies sound to the ______ ________ of the inner ear. | oval window.
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| Eustachian tubes also known as | auditory tubes.
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| Auditory tubes extends from the middle ear to the | nasopharynx.
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| Eustachian tubes permits _____ to enter and leave. | air.
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| Auditory tubes can plug and cause ________ in an ear ehen changing elevation. | pressure.
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| Otitis media | Middle ear infection (more common on younder children)
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| Inner ear cavity called the | bony labyrinth in the temporal bone.
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| The inner ear contains the | cochlea and vestibule.
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| The cochlea is for | hearing.
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| The vestibule is for | semicircular canals for equilibrium.
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| Perilymph | is fluid between bone and membranous labyrinth.
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| Endolymph | is fluid within the membnranous labyrinth.
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| Cochlea is a ____-_______ structure for hearing. | snail-shaped.
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| Cochlea duct contains the organ of Corti also known as | spiral organ.
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| The spinal organ receptors called _______ that have specialized MIOCROVILLI projections sterocilla. (not actually hair). | hair cells
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| The haircell microvilli projections transmit to the _____ _______ branch of the CN 8. | Cochlear VIII
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| Tectorial membrane | overhangs the haircells and presses against the hair cell to trigger depolarization.
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| How we interpret hearing is by vibrations caused by sound waves ------ | ear canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, perilymph & endolymph in the cochlea, hair cells in the organ of corti, CN 8, and temporal lobes.
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| Round Window | is a membrane covered end of the cochlear duct just below the oval window.
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| Round window bulges out to relieve pressure when the | oval window is depressed. ( Sad :( )
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| Balance also know as | equilibrium.
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| Inner ear balance impulses is carried by ____________ _________ of CN 8 dto the cerebellum, midbrain, and temporal lobes. | vestibular portion.
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| Vestibule also known as | vestibule apparatus.
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| Vestibule includes the | utricle and saccule.
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| Membranous sacs in the vestibule is responsible for ________ equilibrium when at rest. | static (still)
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| Vestibule hair cells detects movement of | otoliths.
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| Semicirculars canals is responsible for dynamic equilibrium while _____. | moving. (starting, stopping, accelerating, decelerating, and change in direction.
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| Ampulla is at the base of each | semicircular canal.
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| Ampulla hairs cells detect movement of _______ in the canal by bending. | endolymph.
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| Eyelids also known as | palpebrae
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| Eyelids are controlled by the | skeletal system.
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| Eyelids are used for protection, lubrication and cleaning. Eyelashes prevents | dust.
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| Conjunctiva | is a think membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the sclera. (white part)
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| Conjunctivitis | pink eye.
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| Lacrimal glands produces | tears.
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| tear exits in 2 small openings | (puncta lacrimalia) in the medial of the corner eye.
Lacrimal Canal, Lacrimal Sac (in the lacrimal bone)
Nasolacrimal duct (nasal cavity; crying makes nose run)
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| Outer layer of the eye also known as | fibrous tunic.
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| Outer layer of the eye includes | the scalera and Cornea.
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| Sclera | is the white part and its the thickest.
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| Cornea | is the transparent portion, has no capillaries, and first part of the pathway of light as it is refracted (bent) into the eye.
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| Middle layer also known as | vascular tunic.
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| Middle layer includes | the choroid layer, ciliary body and the iris.
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| Choroid layer | contains most of the blood vessels of the eye and it is colored by a dark pigment made from melanin.
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| Choroid layer absorbs light in the eye to prevent | glare.
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| Ciliary body also known as | ciliary muscle.
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| Ciliary body | is a circular muscle that surrounds and is connected to the lens by suspensory ligaments and it changes the shape of the lens so we can focus.
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| Iris is the ______ part of the eye. | colored
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| Pupil | is the opening of the eye.
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| Pupil dilation | is the contraction of the radial fibers (sympathetic). It lets more light in, in darkness.
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| Pupil Constriction | is the contraction of the circular fibers (parasympathetic) It blocks light when bright.
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| Retina | is the inner layer and lines the posterior 2/3 of the eye.
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| Retina contains visual receptors | rods and cones.
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| Rods | detect all wave lengths of the visible light and most abundant toward the periphery of the retina.
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| Cones | detect colors in different wavelengths of visible light and is most abundant in the conter os the retina mainly in the Macula Lutea directly behind the lens.
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| Fovea Centralis (central indentation) | is a small depression in the macula that contains only cones and is the area for best color vision.
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| Optic Disc | is an opening where the optic nerve exits the eye.
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| Blind spot | is no visual recepters there.
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| Posterior cavity of the eyeball also known as | vitreous chamber and it is between the lens and retina.
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| Posterior cavity of the eyeball is | large.
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| Posterior cavity of the eyeball contains the vitreous humor also known as | vitreous body.
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| The vitreous Humor | is a semisolid substance (like jello) to keep the retina in place.
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| Anterior cavity of the eyeball | is between the lens and cornea.
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| Anterior Chamber | is between the iris and cornea.
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| Posterior Chamber | is between the iris and lens.
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| Anterior cavity of the eyeball contains | aqueous humor.
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| Aqueous humor | is formed by filtration from the capillaries in the cillary body, then reabsorbed by the canal of Schlemm.
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| Canal of Schlemm also known as | scleral venous sinus.
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| Physiology of vision is when | light is focused on the retina, receptors generate impulses, visual areas of the brain interpret.
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| Refraction | is bending of light rays as they pass through the eye.
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| Lens are adjustable part of the refractory systens and focuses the image on the | retina.
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| Lens at rest _________ ligament pull lens tight (flattening the lens) | suspensory.
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| When focusing (accomodation) on near objects the ciliary muscle contracts (makes a smaller circle) bringing the ciliary process closer to the lens thus allowing the lens to become more _________ | convex.
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| When light hits the retina rods | the chemical rhodopsin breaks down and causes a nerve impulse, any wavelength triggers it, and rhodopsin is the resynthasized (vitamin A).
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| When light hits the retina cones | is similar reaction to rods, it requires specific wavelengths to colors red, green, blue.
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| Binocular vision (2 eyes) | allows for depth perception and it requires eyes to converge to eliminate double vision.
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