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Chapter 11
Sense Organs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensory Organs | provides us with information about our surroundings and our internal activity. |
| The 4 sensory pathways are | Receptor, Sensory neuron, sensory tracts, and sensory area. |
| The receptor | detects stimuli and genrate impulses. |
| The receptors sepecific types for each type of stimuli examples are | pressure, temperature, pain, light, etc. |
| Sensory tracts | functionally related bundles of fibers in the white matter of the spinal cord or brain. |
| Sensory areaa | usually in the cerebral cortex and interpret sensory input. |
| There are 5 classification of receptors which are | Chemorecptor, mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and photo receptors. |
| Chemoreceptors | reacts to chemicals. For example, odors, taste, blood chemistry, etc. |
| Mechanoreceptors | responds to pressure,stretch, or vibration. For example, physical movement. Also, detects sounds. |
| Proprioceptors | are a type of mechanoreceptor in muscles and joints. |
| Thermoreceptors | responds to temperature. |
| Nociceptors | detect tissue damage and give the sense of pain. |
| Photoreceptors | detect light. |
| There are 5 characteristics of sensations which are | Type, projection, intensity, adaptation, and contrast. |
| Sensation: Type | is sensory receptors only respond to one type of stimulus. |
| Projection | is the preception of sensation in any given area. |
| Each receptor is attached to a neuron that goes to a specific part of the brain from a specific part of the body | this is how the brain knows were the sensation comes from. |
| Phantom pain | perception of pain in an area that doesn't exist. |
| Intensity | determined by the number of receptors stimulated and the amount of stimulation in each. |
| Adaptation is becoming _______ aware of the continuing stimulation. | less |
| In adaptation, receptors generate _______ impulses with continued stimulation. | fewer |
| Examples of adaptation are | "getting used to" hot shower, cool pool, hot tub, wrist watch. |
| Contrast | effects of a previous or simultaneous sensation on a current sensation. |
| An example of contrast is | cold pool on a hot day will feel cooler that it actually is. |
| The 3 types of general senses are | Pain, temperature, and Touch. |
| Pain | is detected by nociceptors which is free nerve endings. |
| Fast fibers is an abundant in | the skin and the mucous membrane. |
| Fast fiber pain example is | sharp stabbing pain; like when you have an injury. |
| Slow fibers | are in deep body organs. |
| Slow fiber pain example is | dull achy. |
| Referred pain | is pain from the visceral organ felt in a cutaneous area. |
| Temperature | can be detected by nere free endings. |
| Temperature is located in the ______. | skin. |
| Temperature pain can become painful at _________ ______________. | extreme temperatures. |
| Touch is encapsulated nerve endings that detects | touch and pressure. |
| Sensitivity is determined by the _____________ of receptors present. | number. |
| The 2 special senses are | taste and smell. |
| Taste also known as | gustation. |
| The receptor in taste are called | taste buds. |
| Taste buds are made of receptors called | gustatory cells. |
| Gustatory cells also know as | taste cells. |
| Chemoreceptor detects ___________ in food dissolved in saliva. | chemicals. |
| Bumps on the tongue are called | papillae. |
| There are 4 types of papillae: | vallate, foliate, filiform, and fungiform. |
| Vallate is located | back of the tongue. |
| Foliate are fold in the | back side. |
| Filiform is the white formation in your tongue and | this does NOT have any taste buds. |
| Fungiform looks like a | mushroom. |
| Taste is enhance by | smell. |
| Smell is also known as | Olfaction. |
| Olfactory receptors are | Chemoreceptors. |
| Chemorecptors detects | vaporized chemicals in the upper nasal cavity. |
| Smell helps us ________ our food. | taste. |
| There are 3 areas of the ear. | Outer ear, Middle ear, and Inner ear. |
| The ear contains receptors for hearing and equilibrium found in the | inner ear. |
| The outer ear includes | the auricle and ear canal. |
| Auricle also known as | pinna |
| Auricle | is an elastic cartilage covered with skin and funnels sound into the ear canal. |
| Ear Canal is an external acoutic meatus, and it is lined with ceruminous and sebaceous glands. It ends at the | eardrum. |
| Middle ear is ____ filled cavity that contaims the ossicles and is drained by the eustachian tubes. | air |
| Eardrum also known as | tympanic membrane |
| tympanic membrane | seperates the middle ear from the outer ear. |
| the eardrum vibrates with sound waves and transfers energy to | ossicles. |
| there are 3 types of auditory ossciles. | Malleus, Incus, and stapes. |
| Malleus means | mallet or hammer. |
| Incus is | anvil. |
| Stapes looks like a | stirrup. |
| Stapes transfers and amplifies sound to the ______ ________ of the inner ear. | oval window. |
| Eustachian tubes also known as | auditory tubes. |
| Auditory tubes extends from the middle ear to the | nasopharynx. |
| Eustachian tubes permits _____ to enter and leave. | air. |
| Auditory tubes can plug and cause ________ in an ear ehen changing elevation. | pressure. |
| Otitis media | Middle ear infection (more common on younder children) |
| Inner ear cavity called the | bony labyrinth in the temporal bone. |
| The inner ear contains the | cochlea and vestibule. |
| The cochlea is for | hearing. |
| The vestibule is for | semicircular canals for equilibrium. |
| Perilymph | is fluid between bone and membranous labyrinth. |
| Endolymph | is fluid within the membnranous labyrinth. |
| Cochlea is a ____-_______ structure for hearing. | snail-shaped. |
| Cochlea duct contains the organ of Corti also known as | spiral organ. |
| The spinal organ receptors called _______ that have specialized MIOCROVILLI projections sterocilla. (not actually hair). | hair cells |
| The haircell microvilli projections transmit to the _____ _______ branch of the CN 8. | Cochlear VIII |
| Tectorial membrane | overhangs the haircells and presses against the hair cell to trigger depolarization. |
| How we interpret hearing is by vibrations caused by sound waves ------ | ear canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, perilymph & endolymph in the cochlea, hair cells in the organ of corti, CN 8, and temporal lobes. |
| Round Window | is a membrane covered end of the cochlear duct just below the oval window. |
| Round window bulges out to relieve pressure when the | oval window is depressed. ( Sad :( ) |
| Balance also know as | equilibrium. |
| Inner ear balance impulses is carried by ____________ _________ of CN 8 dto the cerebellum, midbrain, and temporal lobes. | vestibular portion. |
| Vestibule also known as | vestibule apparatus. |
| Vestibule includes the | utricle and saccule. |
| Membranous sacs in the vestibule is responsible for ________ equilibrium when at rest. | static (still) |
| Vestibule hair cells detects movement of | otoliths. |
| Semicirculars canals is responsible for dynamic equilibrium while _____. | moving. (starting, stopping, accelerating, decelerating, and change in direction. |
| Ampulla is at the base of each | semicircular canal. |
| Ampulla hairs cells detect movement of _______ in the canal by bending. | endolymph. |
| Eyelids also known as | palpebrae |
| Eyelids are controlled by the | skeletal system. |
| Eyelids are used for protection, lubrication and cleaning. Eyelashes prevents | dust. |
| Conjunctiva | is a think membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the sclera. (white part) |
| Conjunctivitis | pink eye. |
| Lacrimal glands produces | tears. |
| tear exits in 2 small openings | (puncta lacrimalia) in the medial of the corner eye. Lacrimal Canal, Lacrimal Sac (in the lacrimal bone) Nasolacrimal duct (nasal cavity; crying makes nose run) |
| Outer layer of the eye also known as | fibrous tunic. |
| Outer layer of the eye includes | the scalera and Cornea. |
| Sclera | is the white part and its the thickest. |
| Cornea | is the transparent portion, has no capillaries, and first part of the pathway of light as it is refracted (bent) into the eye. |
| Middle layer also known as | vascular tunic. |
| Middle layer includes | the choroid layer, ciliary body and the iris. |
| Choroid layer | contains most of the blood vessels of the eye and it is colored by a dark pigment made from melanin. |
| Choroid layer absorbs light in the eye to prevent | glare. |
| Ciliary body also known as | ciliary muscle. |
| Ciliary body | is a circular muscle that surrounds and is connected to the lens by suspensory ligaments and it changes the shape of the lens so we can focus. |
| Iris is the ______ part of the eye. | colored |
| Pupil | is the opening of the eye. |
| Pupil dilation | is the contraction of the radial fibers (sympathetic). It lets more light in, in darkness. |
| Pupil Constriction | is the contraction of the circular fibers (parasympathetic) It blocks light when bright. |
| Retina | is the inner layer and lines the posterior 2/3 of the eye. |
| Retina contains visual receptors | rods and cones. |
| Rods | detect all wave lengths of the visible light and most abundant toward the periphery of the retina. |
| Cones | detect colors in different wavelengths of visible light and is most abundant in the conter os the retina mainly in the Macula Lutea directly behind the lens. |
| Fovea Centralis (central indentation) | is a small depression in the macula that contains only cones and is the area for best color vision. |
| Optic Disc | is an opening where the optic nerve exits the eye. |
| Blind spot | is no visual recepters there. |
| Posterior cavity of the eyeball also known as | vitreous chamber and it is between the lens and retina. |
| Posterior cavity of the eyeball is | large. |
| Posterior cavity of the eyeball contains the vitreous humor also known as | vitreous body. |
| The vitreous Humor | is a semisolid substance (like jello) to keep the retina in place. |
| Anterior cavity of the eyeball | is between the lens and cornea. |
| Anterior Chamber | is between the iris and cornea. |
| Posterior Chamber | is between the iris and lens. |
| Anterior cavity of the eyeball contains | aqueous humor. |
| Aqueous humor | is formed by filtration from the capillaries in the cillary body, then reabsorbed by the canal of Schlemm. |
| Canal of Schlemm also known as | scleral venous sinus. |
| Physiology of vision is when | light is focused on the retina, receptors generate impulses, visual areas of the brain interpret. |
| Refraction | is bending of light rays as they pass through the eye. |
| Lens are adjustable part of the refractory systens and focuses the image on the | retina. |
| Lens at rest _________ ligament pull lens tight (flattening the lens) | suspensory. |
| When focusing (accomodation) on near objects the ciliary muscle contracts (makes a smaller circle) bringing the ciliary process closer to the lens thus allowing the lens to become more _________ | convex. |
| When light hits the retina rods | the chemical rhodopsin breaks down and causes a nerve impulse, any wavelength triggers it, and rhodopsin is the resynthasized (vitamin A). |
| When light hits the retina cones | is similar reaction to rods, it requires specific wavelengths to colors red, green, blue. |
| Binocular vision (2 eyes) | allows for depth perception and it requires eyes to converge to eliminate double vision. |
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nmartinez06
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