The Digestive System
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| teeth | incisors, canines, pre molars, molars
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| Salivary Glands | produce saliva to carry to mouth (paritoid, submandibular, sublingual)
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| Tongue | body, frenulum, Papillae
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| Stomach Regions | Cardiac Region, Fundus, Body, Pylorus, Greater/Lesser Curvature
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| Chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
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| Rugae | folds on wall of stomach that increase surface area
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| Gastric Pits | indentations in stomach where gastric glands (mucus, acid, enzyme secreting) enter
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| Duodenum | first section of small intestine (Asorption)
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| Jejunum | middle of small intestine
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| illeum | last sec of small intestine, separated from large intestine (cecum) by ileocecal valve
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| Plicae circulares | numerous permanent crescentic folds of mucous membrane found in the small intestine especially in the lower part of the duodenum and the jejunum
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| villi | tiny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall
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| Lacteal | lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine
○ Intestinal Crypts
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| Peristalsis | muscular contractions of the intestine or other tubular structure that propel the contents onward by alternate contraction and relaxation
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| Cecum | beginning of large intestine; “pouch”
■Vermiform Appendix
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| Colon | Ascending → Transverse → Descending → Sigmoid
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| Rectum | end of large intestine
Anal Canal, Anal Columns, External/Internal Anal Sphincter
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| Taenia Coli | ribbons” of smooth muscle that run longitudinally through ascending, transverse, and descending colon, contract to produce “bulges” = haustra
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| Haustra | segmental pouches throughout colon caused by taenia coli
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| structures of Large intestines | Anal columns, Anal Sphincters,Haustra, Taenia Coli
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| Liver | Largest gland in the body, responsible for 500+ functions (processes fats, detoxifies poisons and
drugs, makes blood proteins, etc.)
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| Liver function | produce bile (green, alkaline stored in gallbladder and secreted into the
duodenum)
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| Liver anatomy | ■ 4 Lobes: Right, Left, Caudate (left of inferior vena cava), Quadrate (left of gallbladder)
■ Ligaments: falciform, round, ligamentum venosum, R/L triangular ligaments
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| Bile | green, alkaline fluid necessary for the proper digestion of lipids (fats)
○made in liver
○Released to duodenum through ducts (R/L Hepatic Ducts → Common Hepatic Ducts & Released into duodenum from ampulla via sphincter
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| Gallbladder | muscular sac, resting in a shallow depression on the visceral surface of right lobe of liver
○ Stores and concentrates bile (produced by the liver)
○Cystic Duct - duct attached to gallbladder
○Cystic artery
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| Pancreas | both an exocrine and endocrine (secretes hormones) gland
○ produce most of the enzymes that digest food in the small intestine
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| Gross Anatomy of Pancreas | 3Regions: Head, Body, Tail
Main Pancreatic Duct - joins common bile duct to form
hepatopancreatic ampulla (pancreatic juices)
Accessory Pancreatic Duct - in the head of pancreas, drains into either duodenum, or
main pancreatic duct (bicarbonate)
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| Acinar Cells | make, store, and secrete 22+ pancreatic enzymes (digest various types of
food in small intestine)
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| Zymogen Granules | stores of inactive enzymes
Langerhans cells -endocrine cells
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| Impacted Tooth | - disorder in which a tooth is so crowded in its socket that it cannot erupt normally
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| mumps | virus spread through saliva → inflammation of parotid gland
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| Hatial Hernia | superior portion of stomach pushed through esophageal hiatus into thorax
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| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | abnormal relaxation of cardiac sphincter
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| Appendicitis | inflammation of appendix (blockage that traps bacteria in the lumen
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| Diverticulosis | condition in which diverticula (abnormal sac or pouch formed at a weak point in the
wall) are present in the intestine without signs of inflammation
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| Hemorrhoids | varicose veins of the hemorrhoidal veins in the anal canal
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| Cirrhosis | progressive inflammation of liver (chronic alcoholism)
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| Gallstones | too much cholesterol or too few bile salts can lead to crystallization of cholesterol in
gallbladder
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| Pancreatitis | inflammation of pancreas usually due to blockage of pancreatic duct (gallstones or
alcoholism-induced protein
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| Peritonitis | inflammation & infection of peritoneum
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| Peptic Ulcers | craterlike erosions in mucosa of digestive tract caused by Helicobacter pylori
bacteria (stomach = gastric ulcers & duodenum = duodenal ulcers
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| Intestinal Obstruction | hindrance in movement of chyme or feces through the intestine (either
mechanical due to hernia, twist, etc. or nonmechanical stop in peristalsis
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| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | periodic inflammation of intestinal wall characterized by chronic
leukocyte infiltration of this wall (cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding, etc.)
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| Functions of Digestive system | Prepare food for cellular utilization.
Ingestion, Mastication, Deglutition
Digestion, Absorption
Peristalsis & Defecation
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| Serous membranes | Parietal & Visceral Peritoneum
Mesentery
Peritoneal cavity
falciform ligament, greater & lesser omentum
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| Layer of GI tract | Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
Innervation: sympathetic & parasympathetic
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