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Chapter 23
The Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| teeth | incisors, canines, pre molars, molars |
| Salivary Glands | produce saliva to carry to mouth (paritoid, submandibular, sublingual) |
| Tongue | body, frenulum, Papillae |
| Stomach Regions | Cardiac Region, Fundus, Body, Pylorus, Greater/Lesser Curvature |
| Chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum |
| Rugae | folds on wall of stomach that increase surface area |
| Gastric Pits | indentations in stomach where gastric glands (mucus, acid, enzyme secreting) enter |
| Duodenum | first section of small intestine (Asorption) |
| Jejunum | middle of small intestine |
| illeum | last sec of small intestine, separated from large intestine (cecum) by ileocecal valve |
| Plicae circulares | numerous permanent crescentic folds of mucous membrane found in the small intestine especially in the lower part of the duodenum and the jejunum |
| villi | tiny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall |
| Lacteal | lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine ○ Intestinal Crypts |
| Peristalsis | muscular contractions of the intestine or other tubular structure that propel the contents onward by alternate contraction and relaxation |
| Cecum | beginning of large intestine; “pouch” ■Vermiform Appendix |
| Colon | Ascending → Transverse → Descending → Sigmoid |
| Rectum | end of large intestine Anal Canal, Anal Columns, External/Internal Anal Sphincter |
| Taenia Coli | ribbons” of smooth muscle that run longitudinally through ascending, transverse, and descending colon, contract to produce “bulges” = haustra |
| Haustra | segmental pouches throughout colon caused by taenia coli |
| structures of Large intestines | Anal columns, Anal Sphincters,Haustra, Taenia Coli |
| Liver | Largest gland in the body, responsible for 500+ functions (processes fats, detoxifies poisons and drugs, makes blood proteins, etc.) |
| Liver function | produce bile (green, alkaline stored in gallbladder and secreted into the duodenum) |
| Liver anatomy | ■ 4 Lobes: Right, Left, Caudate (left of inferior vena cava), Quadrate (left of gallbladder) ■ Ligaments: falciform, round, ligamentum venosum, R/L triangular ligaments |
| Bile | green, alkaline fluid necessary for the proper digestion of lipids (fats) ○made in liver ○Released to duodenum through ducts (R/L Hepatic Ducts → Common Hepatic Ducts & Released into duodenum from ampulla via sphincter |
| Gallbladder | muscular sac, resting in a shallow depression on the visceral surface of right lobe of liver ○ Stores and concentrates bile (produced by the liver) ○Cystic Duct - duct attached to gallbladder ○Cystic artery |
| Pancreas | both an exocrine and endocrine (secretes hormones) gland ○ produce most of the enzymes that digest food in the small intestine |
| Gross Anatomy of Pancreas | 3Regions: Head, Body, Tail Main Pancreatic Duct - joins common bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla (pancreatic juices) Accessory Pancreatic Duct - in the head of pancreas, drains into either duodenum, or main pancreatic duct (bicarbonate) |
| Acinar Cells | make, store, and secrete 22+ pancreatic enzymes (digest various types of food in small intestine) |
| Zymogen Granules | stores of inactive enzymes Langerhans cells -endocrine cells |
| Impacted Tooth | - disorder in which a tooth is so crowded in its socket that it cannot erupt normally |
| mumps | virus spread through saliva → inflammation of parotid gland |
| Hatial Hernia | superior portion of stomach pushed through esophageal hiatus into thorax |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | abnormal relaxation of cardiac sphincter |
| Appendicitis | inflammation of appendix (blockage that traps bacteria in the lumen |
| Diverticulosis | condition in which diverticula (abnormal sac or pouch formed at a weak point in the wall) are present in the intestine without signs of inflammation |
| Hemorrhoids | varicose veins of the hemorrhoidal veins in the anal canal |
| Cirrhosis | progressive inflammation of liver (chronic alcoholism) |
| Gallstones | too much cholesterol or too few bile salts can lead to crystallization of cholesterol in gallbladder |
| Pancreatitis | inflammation of pancreas usually due to blockage of pancreatic duct (gallstones or alcoholism-induced protein |
| Peritonitis | inflammation & infection of peritoneum |
| Peptic Ulcers | craterlike erosions in mucosa of digestive tract caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria (stomach = gastric ulcers & duodenum = duodenal ulcers |
| Intestinal Obstruction | hindrance in movement of chyme or feces through the intestine (either mechanical due to hernia, twist, etc. or nonmechanical stop in peristalsis |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | periodic inflammation of intestinal wall characterized by chronic leukocyte infiltration of this wall (cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding, etc.) |
| Functions of Digestive system | Prepare food for cellular utilization. Ingestion, Mastication, Deglutition Digestion, Absorption Peristalsis & Defecation |
| Serous membranes | Parietal & Visceral Peritoneum Mesentery Peritoneal cavity falciform ligament, greater & lesser omentum |
| Layer of GI tract | Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa Innervation: sympathetic & parasympathetic |
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