Chapter 15 definitions
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| Tunica intima | Innermost layer of a vein or artery; consists of simple squamous epithelium; smooth surface keeps blood flowing freely; produces chemicals that cause vessels to dilate or constrict
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| Endothelium | Simple squamous epithelium of the tunica intima
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| Tunica media | Middle layer of veins and arteries, also the thickest layer; Composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue; innervated by the autonomic nervous system which allows the blood vessel to change diameter
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| Tunica externa | Outer layer of veins and arteries; strong, flexible, fibrous connective tissue; supports and protects the blood vessel; thickest layer in veins, a little thinner than the middle layer in arteries
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| Aneurysm | Formed when a portion of the arterial wall weakens, blood inside the artery pushes against the weakened area, causing it to bulge
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| Arterioles | Smallest arteries; also called resistance vessels; connected to capillaries by metarterioles
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| Arteries | Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
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| Veins | Carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
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| Conducting arteries | The body's largest arteries; also called elastic arteries; examples are the aorta, common carotid artery, subclavian artery
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| Distributing arteries | Carry blood to specific organs and areas of the body; also called muscular arteries; examples are brachial, femoral, and renal arteries
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| Capacitance vessels | Veins; so named because of their great capacity for storing blood
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| Exchange vessels | Capillaries; so named because nutrients, wastes, and hormones are tranferred between blood and tissues within them
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| Capillary beds | Networks of capillaries
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| Microcirculation | What is formed when capillaries connect arterioles to venules
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| Precapillary sphincter | The beginning of each capillary bed that regulates the flow of blood into the network
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| Sinusoid | Unique capillary of the liver, bone marrow, and spleen; irregular, blood-filled space that is more permeable to allow for the passage of proteins and blood cells
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| Diffusion | Most important mechanism of capillary exchange; substances move from an area of greater to lesser concentration
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| Filtration | Method of capillary exchange that occurs close to the arterial side of the capillary bed; higher pressure pushes plasma & dissolved nutrients into the fluid of the surrounding tissues
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| Colloid osmotic pressure | Albumin in the blood pulls tissue fluid & the cell's waste products into the capillaries
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| Edema | Occurs when fluid filters out of the capillaries faster than it's reabsorbed; appears as swelling in the ankles, fingers, abdomen, or face
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| Increased capillary filtration | Cause of edema; rise in capillary pressure causes a rise in filtration; causes include kidney failure, poor venous return from inactivity, or failure of the right ventricle
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| Reduced capillary reabsorption | Deficiency of albumin, causing edema; may result from liver disease, severe burns, and kidney disease
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| Obstructed lymphatic drainage | Cause of edema; obstruction of the lymphatic system causing fluid to accumulate
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| Portal systems | Blood flows through 2 networks of capillaries; occur in the kidneys and liver
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| Anastomosis | 2 vessels join together; provides alternative routes of blood flow in case a vessel becomes obstructed
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| Pulmonary circulation | Begins at the right ventricle and involves the circulation of blood through the lungs
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| Systemic circulation | Begins at the left ventricle and involves the circulation of blood through the body
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| Superior mesenteric artery | Supplies most of the small interstine and part of the large intestine
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| Inferior mesenteric artery | Supplies part of the large intestine
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| External carotid artery | Supplies most of the external head structures
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| Internal carotid artery | Enters the cranial cavity and supplies the orbits and 80% of the cerebrum
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| Basilar artery | The 2 vertebral arteries unite on the undersurface of the brainstem
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| Circle of Willis | Anastomoses that create a circle of arteries at the base of the brain; helps ensure that the brain receives an adequate supply of blood
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| Internal jugular vein | Drains most of the blood from the brain
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| Cephalic vein | Frequent site for the administration of intravenous fluids
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| Median cubital | Most common site for drawing blood
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| Great saphenous vein | Longest vein in the body; frequently harvested for use as grafts in coronary artery bypass surgery
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| External jugular vein | Drains blood from the scalp, facial muscles, and other superficial structures
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| Pressure gradient | The difference in pressure between 2 structures
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| Systolic pressure | As the left ventricle contracts, typical normal pressure of 110 mm Hg
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| Diastolic pressure | The left ventricle relaxes, the pressure drops to an average of 70 mm Hg
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| Blood pressure | The force exerted by the blood against a vessel wall; determined by cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance
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| Peripheral resistance | The opposition to flow resulting from the friction of moving blood against the vessel walls
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| Pulse pressure | The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
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| Vasomotion | Adjusting the diameter of blood vessels
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| Vasoconstriction | Reduction of the diameter of a vessel that increases the resistance to blood flow
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| Vasodilation | Increase in vessel diameter that decreases resistance to blood flow
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| Vasomotor center | An area of the medulla in the brain that sends impulses via the autonomic nervous system to alter blood vessel diameter and, therefore, blood pressure
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| Baroreceptors | In the carotid sinus and aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure and transmit signals along the gloospharangeal and vagus nerves to the cardiac control center and the vasomotor center
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| Skeletal muscle pump | Muscles surrounding leg veins aid in venous return
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| Respiratory pump | The process of breathing promotes the flow of venous blood in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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| Vena cava | The body's cheif vein, which serves to return blood to the heart
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