Cells and Tissues
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| cytoplasm | living matter contained in each cell
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| centrioles | paired organelles - function in cell reproduction
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| lysosomes | protect cell - digestive enzymes - eat microbes
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| microvilli | fingerlike projections - increase absorptive area of cell
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| flagella | single whiplike projection - (sperm cells) used for movement
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| mitochondria | involved in energy-releasing chemical reactions
Power plant of cell - contains 1 DNA molecule
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| Golgi apparatus | flattened sacs near nucleus. Chemical processing and packaging. Collect and move chemicals from endoplasmic reticulum outward to plasma membrane
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| Cell nucleus | controls all cell functions - contains DNA
Components: Nuclear envelope; nucleoplasm; nucleolus; chromatin granules.
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| Plasma membrane | outer boundary of cell composed of phospholipids containing protein.
Selectively permeable.
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network of connecting sacs and canals.
Carry substances through fluid cytoplasm.
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Synthesizes chemicals.
Makes new membrane.
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Collects, folds and transports proteins made by ribosomes.
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| diffusion | substances scatter themselves evenly in available space.
No energy needed for this process.
Movement is from high to low concentration.
Examples: Osmosis and dialysis.
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| Filtration | Movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane.
(urine formation)
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| element | A pure substance - composed of only one atom
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| compound | substance made up of more than 1 element
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| matter | anything that has substance and occupies space and has mass
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| Positively charged particles within atomic nucleus | protons
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| Negatively charged particles within atomic nucleus | neutrons
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| covalent bond | occurs when atoms share electrons
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| collagen is a... | protein
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| glycogen is a... | carbohydrate
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| RNA is | nucleic acid
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| cholesterol is a... | lipid
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| NaCl is a... | salt
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| HCl is a... | acid
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| NaOH is | base
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| H2O + CO2 --> H+ + HCO2- (which compound is a reactant?) | CO2
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| Solution with an excess of hydrogen ions is | acid
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| pinocytosis | cell transport mechanism incorporates fluid or dissolved substances, trapping them in a plasma membrane pocket, pinches them off inside the cell. Pino a Greek word meaning "drink".
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate - molecule that breaks apart in muscle cells to yield energy for muscle contraction.
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| Osmosis | diffusion of water BUT not solutes (substances dissolved in water) across a selectively permeable membrane.
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| tonicity | Describes different concentrations of solutes interacting with solvents or other solutes.
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| Diffusion | Passive transport mechanism.
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| Osmosis | passive transport mechanism
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| Dialysis | passive transport mechanism
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| Filtration | passive transport mechanism
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| ion pump | active transport mechanism
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| phagocytosis | active transport mechanism
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| cystic fibrosis | disease caused by inability of cells to transport chloride ions
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| translation | the process in protein synthesis that uses information in mRNA to build a protein molecule
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| transcription | the process in protein synthesis that forms the mRNA molecule
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| Name the 4 main tissues of the body | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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| gene | a segment of base pairs in a chromosome
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| genome | the total genetic information packaged in a cell
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| endoplasmic reticulum | tubelike passages that carry substances throughout the cell
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| Golgi apparatus | chemically processes and packages substances from the endoplasmic reticulum
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| prophase | 2nd stage of mitosis wherein chromatin condenses into chromosomes
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| telophase | 5th stage of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope and nuclei appears
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| metaphase | 3rd sage of mitosis in which the chromosomes align in the center of the cell.
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| anaphase | 4th stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes move away from the center of the cell.
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| interphase | the period of cell life in which DNA replicates in preparation for mitosis.
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