Nervous System
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| Nervous System | consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
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| CNS | Central Nervous System
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| Central Nervous System | anatomical structure contains the brain and the spinal cord.
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| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System
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| Peripheral Nervouse System | anatomical structure contains 12 cranial and 31 spinal nerves and all branches from them. (Everything, BUT the brain and the spinal cord)
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| Functions of the Nervous System | To detect changes and feel sensation. To initiate appropriate responses to changes. To organize information for immediate use and store. Performs both conscious and subconscious activities.
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| What are the two category of cells? | Neurons and Neuroglia.
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| The neurons | are nerve cells and it transmits impulses.
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| The neuroglia also known as | neuroglial cells or glial cells.
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| The neuroglia | supports the nervous system. There are about 50 glials cells for each neurom.
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| There are 4 types of CNS cells | Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal, and Astrocytes.
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| Oligodendrocytes | produces myelin and myelinated tisse is called white matter.
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| White matter are made of | phospolipids.
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| Microglia | move and phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissue.
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| Ependymal cells | lines the ventricles of the brain, secrete cerebrospinal fluid, and circulate CSF using cilia.
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| Astrocytes | structural support. wraps around capillaries to contribute to the blood brain barrier.
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| Blood Brain Barrier | prevents harmful substances from entering the brain while allowing nutrients.
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| Blood Brain Barrier | also makes capillaries in the CNS less permeable and some medication cannot cross it.
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| Schwann Cells | Forms the myelin sheath, neuron fiber covering, and used for electrical insulation.
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| The continuation of the cell membrane of te Schwann cells, is made mostly of | phospholipid.
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| Forms of the neurilemma | outer layer of the cell, a pathway by which a peripherial nerve can regenerate, and its only in the PNS.
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| Nodes of Ranvier also known as | neurofibril nodes.
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| Nodes of Ranvier | are the space between Schwann cells and it speeds up nerve tranmission by saltatory conduction.
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| 3 types of neuron based functions | Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, and inter neurons.
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| Sensory neurons also known as | afferent neurons.
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| sensory neurons | sends impulses to the CNS and receives information (impulses and signs) from receptors.
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| 2 types of sensory neuron receptor. | Somatic receptors and visceral receptors.
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| Somatic receptors | are in the skin, skeletal muscles and joints.
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| Visceral receptors | are in internal organs.
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| Motor neurons also known as | efferent neurons.
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| Motor neurons | receives impulses from the CNS and sends instructions (impulses/signals) to the effector.
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| Effector | structures affected by efferent neuron (either a muscle or gland).
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| 2 types of motor neurons | SOmatic neuron and visceral neuron.
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| Somatic meuron | effects the skeletal muscle.
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| Visceral neuron | effect the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
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| Interneurons | connects CNS neurons together. It connects sensory neurons to motor neurons.
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| Create connections in the brain to make all of out neurological processes possible by | thought, memory, intention, movement, emotion. logic, reason, and etc.
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| Interneurons | makes up 90% of the body's neurons.
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| Neuron Anatomy | makes up a cell body and Nerve Fiber.
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| Cell body also known as | Soma
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| The cell body | contains the nuclues and organelles.
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| Nerve FIber | processes of a neuron.
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| Dendrites | sends impulses towards the cell body and can be serveral thousands of them.
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| Axon | sends impulses away from the cell body.
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| Axons branch at the far end and | each branch ends as a synaptic knob.
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| 3 types of Neuron base on structure | Multipolar, Bipolar, and Pseudonipolar.
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| Multipolar | have multiple of dendrites and one axon off the cell body.
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| Multipolar can be found in | motor nerves.
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| Bipolar | have one axon and one dendrite off of the cell body each of which can have multiple extensions.
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| Bipolar can be found in | the olfactory nerve and retina.
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| Pseudounipolar | have one branch off of the cell body.
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| Pseudounipolar can be found in | sensory nerves of the PNS.
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| This forms the myeline sheath in the brain and spinal cord is called | Oligodendrocyte.
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| Provides structural support in the central nervous system | Astrocyte.
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| Forms the myelin sheath around nerves in the peripheral nervous system. | Schwann cells.
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| Lines spinal cord and cavities of the brain. Secretes CSF. | Ependymal cell
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| Engulfs microorganisms and cellular debris. | Microglia.
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| Nerve impulse | is an electrochemical signal carried by the nerve.
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| At rest the neuron is | polarized.
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| Action potential | the neuron becomes active as it conducts an impulse along the axon. It can happen 100 times per second.
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| Depolarization | reverses the charges. It travels down the neuron fiber in one direction.
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| Caused by a stimulus such as a neurotransmitter | makes the membrane more permeable to ions.
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| Repolarization | K+ channels open and K+ rushes out thus restoring the net charge.
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| Refractory Period | After the action potential occurs the sodium potassium pumps restores the Na+ and K+ to their respective comparments.
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| Saltatory Conduction | myelinated fibers only depolarized at nnodes of Ranvier and it increases the velocity of the nerve transmission in the myelinated fibers.
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| Synapes | is the space between the axon of one neuron and dendrite or cell body of another.
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| Synaptic Knob | the terminal end of the PREsynaptic axon and it releases the neurotransmitter by exocytosis after being signaled by electrical depolarization of the cell membrane.
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| Neurotransmitter | are chemicals that excite or inhibit a neuron in a synapse and is attached to receptors on the post synaptic neuron.
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| Most common chemical in the neurotransmitter is | Acetylcholine.
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| Inactivator | is enyzmes that deactivates neurotransmitter by changing its shape to stop the impulse until needed again.
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| ReUptake | reabsorption of the neurotransmitter back into the neuron that released it and it allows it to be re-used.
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| Reuptakes | occurs only in one dorection.
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| Spinal Cord | is located int he spinal canal.
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| Spinal Cord also | transmits signal between the brain and the PNS.
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| Spinal cords | extends from the foramen magnum to about L1-L2. Cauda equina and meninges extend beyong to the sacrum.
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| An unmyelinated interneurons and cell bodies of the motor neuroms and "H" shaped in cross section is | Gray Matter.
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| Myelinated nerve fibers and it is located in the outer part is | White matter.
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| Dorsal Root (posterior) | are afferent fibers.
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| Dorsal Root Ganglia | are cell bodies of the sensory neurons.
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| Ventral Root (anterior) | are efferent fibers.
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| Meninges | are connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
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| Th 3 layer of meninges are | Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Dura Mater.
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| Dura Mater also known as | Hard Mother.
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| Dura mater | lines the cranium and vertebral canal and it contacts the bone/skull.
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| Arachnoid Mater also known as | Spider Mater.
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| Arachnoid mater | is a web-like strands that connect to pia mater, it contains CSF, and subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and the pia.
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| Pia Mater also known as | Gentle Mater.
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| Pia mater | is inside the arachnoid and covers the contacts the brain and cord.
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| Meningitis | is inflammation of the meninges. It usuallly from a viral or bacterial infection.
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| Tracts also known as | fasciculi.
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| 2 types of tract groups | Ascending and Descending.
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| Ascending | carry impulses UP the cord to the brain and always sensory.
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| Descending | carry impulses DOWN the cord from the brain and always motor.
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| Nerves | groups of fasciculi (axon and/or dendrites) and blood vessels enclosed in a connective tissue sheath.
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| 3 types of Nerves | Sensory, Motor, and Mixed.
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| Sensory Nerves | are ONLY afferent neurons.
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| Motor Nerves | are ONLY efferent neurons.
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| Mixed Neurons | are both sensory and motor neurons. Most of our perpheral nerves are mixed.
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| Spinal Nerves | are all mixed nerves and nerves from the cord to the periphery.
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| How many pairs of spinal nerves? | 31 pairs.
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| The vertebra consists of | Thoracic, Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves.
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| Cervical Plexus (C1-C4) | Network fromt he upper cervical nerves and it supplies various structures in the head and neck.
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| Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) | Network from the lower cervical nerves and t1, and it supplies the upper extremity.
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| Lumbar and Sacral Plexi | Upper and lower lumbar and sacral nerves respectively supply various structures in the pelvis and the entire lower extremity.
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| Lumbar plexus included in the sciatic nerve | is the largest nerve in the body.
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| Cauda Equina | is a continuation of spinal nerves beyond the spinal cord.
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| Reflexes | is involuntary response to a stimulus.
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| Somatic reflexes | involve stimulation of a skeletal muscle after input from the somatic receptor.
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| There are 5 parts of thr reflex arc which are | receptors, sensory neurons, CNS, motor neurons, and effector.
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| The receptor | detects a stimulus amd generate an impulse.
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| The sensory neurons | transmits impulse to the CNS.
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| the CNS | interprets the impulse and redirects it.
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| The motor neurons | transmits impulse to the effector.
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| The effector | performs the action.
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| Brain also known as | Encephalon.
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| The brain has 4 major division which are | Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, and Brainstem.
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| THere are 4 cavities within the brain | 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricles, and fourth ventricle. And it also contains CSF.
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| The 2 lateral ventricles are | within each cerebral hemisphere.
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| The third ventricle is | within the diencephalon.
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| The fourth ventricle is | between th cerebellum and midbrain.
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| CSF also known as | Cerebralspinal fluid.
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| Cerebrospinal fluid is | sugary, salty, watery, and crystal clear fluid.
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| CSF functions | to bring nutrients to the CNS, removes waste products and it is used for a cushion.
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| Hydrocephaly | is a higher rate of production that absorption.
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| CSF is used to | test for dysfuntion. (i.e. meningitis, bleeding)
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| CSF can leak into the nasal cavity with head injuries it can | cause severe headaches. (taste test: sweet. go to the nearest emergency room)
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| Brainstem | includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
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| Midbrain is located | from the poms to the hypothalamus. It encloses cerebral adquect (connects to the 3rd and 4th ventricles)
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| Midbrain reflexes | includes visual, auditory, and righting. It is the relay center.
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| Medulla also known as | Medulla Oblongata.
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| Medulla is located | from the spinal cord to the pons.
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| 3 Vital functions os the Medulla Oblongata are | Cardiac center, vasomotor centers, and respiratory centers.
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| The cardiac center | regulates the heart rate.
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| The vasomotor center | regulates the blood pressure.
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| The respiatory center | regulates respiration.
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| Examples of reflex centers are | coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting.
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| Pons latin names means | Brigde.
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| Pons is located | superior to the Medulla.
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| Pons the 2 respiratory centers | work within the medulla to produce normal breathing rhythm.
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| Cerebellum reffered to | Little brain.
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| Cerebellum is located | posterior to medulla, pons, and 4th ventricle, inferior to occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
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| Cerebellum functions with movement. For example | coordination, regulation of muscle tone, posture and equilibrium. It remmebers complex movements.
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| Cerebellum works in conjunction | with the inner ear and eyes for equilibrium.
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| Diencephalon | includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus.
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| Thalamus is located | lateral to 3rd ventricle and superior to the hypothalamus.
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| Thalamus getaway for sensation | (general and special, except smell) and the sensory input comes to the thalamus first then, if it is important it is directed to the cerebrum where it is interpreted.
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| Thalamus blocks | unwanted sensations and it allows u to concentrate without distraction of thousands of sensations.
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| Hypothalamus is located | inferior to the thalamus, and superior to the pituitary gland.
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| Hypothalamus controls | the involuntary part of our nervous system.
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| Hypothalamus produces | hormones. The releasing hormones stimulate secretion of the hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
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| Hypothalamus involves in emotion response such as | anger, fear, aggression, and pleasure.
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| Cerebrum is located in | the 2 hemispheres, several lobes, and is connected by thr corpus collosum.
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| The right and left hemisphere | contains the right and left ventricles.
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| the Cerebral cortex | is the surface of the cerebrum.
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| The cerebral cortex is made up of | gray matter.
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| White matter is internal | to the gray matter.
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| White matter is made up of | myelinated fibers that connects parts of the brain to other parts of the brain or NS.
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| 4 appearances of the cerebrum are | gyri, sulci, fissure, and surface area.
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| Gyri | are the folds. (convultions)
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| Sulci | is the small grooves between the gyri.
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| Fissure | are deep grooves that seperate the lobes and hemispheres.
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| Folding increases the surface area | which increases the number of neurons which enables a higher level of cognition.
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| Frontal lobe | is the anterior part.
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| Frontal lobe area | is the motor.
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| Motor areas | contralateral voluntary movement.
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| The largest motor portion devoted to the fine movement | are the hands and face. (Illustrated by the homonculus)
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| Parietal lobes | are superior and lateral.
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| Parietal lobes general sensory areas are | interpret impulses from the conlateral sensory organs in skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments.
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| Parietal lobes taste areas | overlap temporal lobes and it interpret input from taste buds.
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| Temporal Lobes | lateral.
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| Temporal sensory areas | interprets hearing, smell, learning, memory, and visual recognition.
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| Occipital Lobes | posterior.
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| Occipital lobes visual areas | interpret input from our eyes.
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| Basal ganglia also known as | basal nuclei or deep nuclei.
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| Basal ganglia | is paired of gray matter within the cerebral hemisphere.
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| Basal ganglia helps regulate and coordinate complex movement by | coordinating communication among areas of the brain.
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| Corpus Collosum | bands millions of fibers that connect hemispheres.
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| The importance of corpus collosum is | coordinating left brain functions with right brain functions.
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| Cranial Nerve | has 12 pairs of peripheral nerves that emerges from the brain.
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| Cranial nerve supply mostly | sensory and motor to areas of the face including special senses.
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| CN I | Olfactory Nerve
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| Olfactory Nerve CN I | is the smell.
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| CN II | Optic Nerve.
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| Optic Nerve CN II | made up of neurons from the retina. Is the vision.
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| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear Nerve.
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| Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN VIII | is the hearing and balance.
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| CN X | Vagus Nerve.
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| Vagus Nerve CN X | supplies internal organs of the ventral cavity.
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| Somatic Nervous System functions | voluntary component that innervates skeletal muscle.
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| Autonomic Nervous System functions | involuntary component made up of visceral motor neurons that supply effectors.
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| Examples of the ANS effectors are | smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
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| Sympathetic division also known as | thoracolumbar division.
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| Sympathetic division is responsible for the | fight or flight response.
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| Fight and Flight response | is dominant in stressful situations.
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| Examples of fight and flight responses are | increase heart rate and decrease in digestion.
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| Parasympathetic division also known as | craniosacral division.
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| Parasympathetic is responsible for the | rest and digest response.
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| Rest and digest response | dominates in relaxed situations.
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| Examples of rest and digest responses are | increase digestion and urination, decrease in heart rate. And it functions basically the opposite of the SNS.
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| The impulse-conducting cells of the nervous system are called: | neurons.
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| Neurons detect sensations such as touch or heat and then relay information about the stimuli to the central nervous system is: | the afferent neurons.
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| A nerve cell is which in which phase cannot respond to a new stimulus is called | refractory period.
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| Which statement regarding spinal nerves is true? | Spinal nerves are mixed nerves, containing both sensory and motor fibers, making it capable of transmitting impulses in teo directions.
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| A key nerve is part os the sacral plexus? | Sciatic Nerve.
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| The portion of the brain contains centers resposible for such vital functions as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure? | Medulla Oblongata.
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| The brain structure influences nearly every organ and exerts control over the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland is | Hypothalamus.
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| Which cranial nerve supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as well as those in the head and neck? | Vagus
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| Characteristic of the somatic nervous system is | it operates under voluntary control.
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