Chapter 13 Q & A
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| What are the components of blood? | Plasma and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, & platelets). WBcs and platelets form a narrow band beneath the plasma (in a separated sample) called the buffy coat
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| What is the appearance of an RBC? | It is shaped like a disc with a sunken center and is very flexible
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| What is the function of an RBC? | It is charged with delivering oxygen to cells and removing CO2. It lacks a neucleus and cannot replicate itself
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| What is the appearance of a WBC? | There are 5 types and they all differ in size, shape, abundance, and function but they all contain a neucleus
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| What is the function of a WBC? | They are the body's line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens
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| What is the appearance of platelets? | They are actually fragments of larger bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
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| What is the function of platelets? | They live about 7 days and play a role in hemostasis
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| What is the role of hemoglobin in the body? | It is a red pigment that gives blood its color. It also carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| What is the normal range of hematocrit for a female and a male? | A females range is 37%-48%; a males range is 45%-52%
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| What is the normal range of hemoglobin for a female and a male? | A females range is 12-16 g/dl; a males range is 13-18 g/dl
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| What is the normal range of RBC count for a female and a male? | A females range is 4.2-5.4 million/mm3; a males range is 4.6-6.2 million/mm3
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| What is the function of a neutrophil? | A granulocyte, it is highly mobile so it can quickly migrate out of blood vessels & into tissue spaces, where they engulf and digest foreign material
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| What is the function of an eosinophil? | A granulocyte, involved in allergic reactions and also kills parasites
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| What is the function of a basophil? | A granulocyte, it secretes heparin, which prevents clotting in the infected area so WBCs can enter and secretes histamine (a substance that causes blood vessels to leak) which attracts WBCs
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| What is the function of a lymphocyte? | An agranulocyte, it is responsible for long term immunity. There are 2 types
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| What is the function of a T lymphocyte? | They directly attack an infected or cancerous cell
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| What is the function of a B lymphocyte? | They produce antibodies against specific antigens
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| What is the function of a monocyte? | An agranulocyte, it is highly phagocytic and can engulf large bacteria and viral-infected cells
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| What is a platelet plug? | Sticky platelets that form a temporary seal in a break in a vessel wall
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| What role do platelets play in hemostasis? | They form sticky platelets that cling to the break in the vessel to attract more platelets and constrict the vessel, thus forming the platelet plug
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| What are the 4 blood types? | A, B, AB, and O
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| What is the least and most common blood type? | O is the most common at about 45% of the population. AB is the least common at about 4% of the population
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| What is meant by Rh group? | Rh+ blood contains the Rh antigen; Rh- blood does not. About 85% of white Americans and about 95% of black Americans are Rh+
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| What is the treatment for Rh incompatibility? | All Rh- women who become pregnant with an Rh+ baby should be treated with an Rh immune globulin called RhoGAM. It prevents the formation of anti-Rh antibodies by the mother, preventing an attack on the fetus' RBCs
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| What is sickle cell disease? | An inherited disease where some RBCs are stiff and become distorted. They are sticky and tend to clump causing intense pain. Occurs mostly in people of African descent
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| What is polycythemia? | A condition of excessive RBCs. Symptoms may include headache, ruddiness, and itchineess. Complications are high BP, blood clots, and heart failure
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| What is polycythemia vera? | A condition of excessive RBCs caused by cancer
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| What is secondary polycythemia? | Occurs when the body tries to compensate for oxygen levels dropping by overproducing RBCs. Living at high altitudes, smoking, lung or heart disease, and air pollution are all possible causes
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| What is anemia? | Deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin. Insufficient supply of erythropoietin (EPO) may also be a cause
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| What is hemolytic anemia? | Occurs when too many RBCs are being destroyed
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| What is pernicious anemia? | This results from a lack of vitamin b12
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| What is iron deficiency anemia? | It occurs from a deficiency of iron in the blood
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| What is leukemia? | A cancer of the blood or bone marrow, characterized by an extremely high WBC count
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| What is acute leukemia? | Most common in children, it appears suddenly and involves the rapid increase of immature WBCs
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| What is chronic leukemia? | Most common in older people, it develops more slowly that acute leukemia
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| What is lymphocytic leukemia? | It involves the rapid proliferation of lymphocytes
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| What is myeloid leukemia? | This involves uncontrolled granulocyte production
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| Which form of leukemia has the highest cure rate? | Acute lymphocytic leukemia, the most common form in children
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| What is a thrombus? | It is an unwanted blood clot inside a vessel. About 650,000 Americans die each year from this
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| What is an embolus? | It occurs when a piece of a blood clot breaks off and circulates through the bloodstream
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| What is hemophilia? | It results from a deficiency of one of the clotting factors. It is sex-linked and affects about 1 in 30,000 males
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