Anatomy chapter six on muscles
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| 1 what is contractility? | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| what is excitability? | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulous
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| what is extensibility? | the ability to be streched
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| what is elasticity? | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been streched
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| what is the epimysium? | surrounds the skeletal muscle
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| what is fascia? | a connective tissue located outside of the epimysium. i surrounds and separates each muscle
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| what is the perimysium ? | a coarse fibrous membrane
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| what is a fascicle? | bundle of fibers
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| what is a striated muscle? | skeletal muscle that is striped
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| 10 what is the endomysium? | a delicate connective tissue sheath that enclose each muscle fiber
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| what are muscle fibers? | elongated muscle cells
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| what are skeletal muscle fibers? | elongated muscle cells that attach to the skeleton
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| what is a smooth muscle ? | has no striations and is involuntary, which means that you cannot continuously control it.
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| what are tendons? | chord like muscles
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| what is a aponeuroses? | sheetlike tendons which attach muscle indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissues
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| what are cardiac muscles? | muscle of the heart
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| what are muscle funtions? | it produces movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and generates heat
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| what is a sarcolemma? | plasma membrane surrounding the oval nuclei
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| what are myofibrilis? | push the nuclei aside, and nearly fill the cytoplasm
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| 20 what are sarcomeres? | are aligned end-to-end like boxcars in a train along the length of myofibrils. they extend from one z line to another z line, and eah z line is an attachment site for actin.
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| what is the A band ? | extends the length of the myosin. it is the darker central region in each sarcomere.
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| what is the H zone? | the light area in the center of each sarcomere witch consists of only myosin.
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| what is the M line? | the dark staining band in the center of the sarcomere where the myosin myofilaments are anchored.
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| what is the resting membrane potential? | the charge difference across the membrane
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| what is action potential? | when a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics reverse the charge back.
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| what are motor neurons? | are nerve cells the carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| what is a neuromuscular junction( N. J. )? | each branch of the muscle where the axons enter. each branch that connect to the muscle is a N. J.
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| what is a synapse? | near the center of the cell
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| what is a motor unit? | a singe motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. form a single muscle
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| 30 what is a presynaptic terminal? | the enlarged nerve terminal
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| what is the synaptic cleft? | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| what is the postsynaptic terminal? | muscle fiber
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| what are synaptic vessels? | contained in the postsynaptic terminal
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| what is a acetylcholine? | a neurotransmitter the diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to thepostsynaptic terminal
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| what is sliding filament mechanism? | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| what is a muscle twitch? | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| what is a lag phase? | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of the contraction
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| what is the contraction phase? | the time of the contraction
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| what is the relaxation phase? | the time during which the muscle relaxes
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| 40 what is the tetany? | where the musle remains contracted without relaxing
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| what is recruitment? | the increase of motor units being activated
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| what is creatine phosphate? | a high energy molecule a lot like ATP
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| what is anerobic respiration? | without oxygen
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| what is aerobic respiration? | with oxygen
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| what is oxygen debt? | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose
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| what is muscle fatigue? | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| what are isometric muscle contraction? | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| what are isotonic muscle contractions? | the amount of tension is produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| what is muscle tone? | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| 50 what are fast-twitch fibers? | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| what are slow-twitch fibers? | contract more slowly and are most resistant to fatigue
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| what are the points of attachment? | the origin and insertion
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| what is the origin? | the most stationary end of the muscle
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| what is insertion? | the end of the muscle that is undergoing the greatest movement
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| what is the belly of the muscle? | the portion of the muscle between the origin and insertion
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| what are synergists? | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| what are antagonists? | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| what is a prime mover? | one muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| what does the occipitofrontalis do? | raises the eyebrows
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| 60 what does the orbicularis oculi do? | closes the eyelid "crows feet"
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| what does the orbicularis oris do? | puckers the lips "kissing muscle"
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| what does the buccinator do? | flattens the cheeks " trumpeters muscle"
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| what are the two kissing muscles? | buccinator and orbicularis oris
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| what does the zygomaticus do? | used for smiling
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| what does the levator labii superioris do? | used for sneering
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| what does the depressor anguli oris do? | its used for frowning
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| what is mastication? | chewing
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| what muscles are used in mastication? | temporalis. mastoid, and pterygoids
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| what is the extrensic tongue muscle? | it moves the tongue
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| 70 what is the intrensic tongue muscle? | it changes the shape of the tongue
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| what is the sternoclydomastoid? | the neck muscle used for rotation and adduction. " twisted" or "wry neck"
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| does the hyoid bone have articulation? | no
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| what is the erector spinae? | muscle found in each side of the back. it is responsible for erect posture
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| what are the external intercostals? | muscles that contract during inspiration
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| what are internal intercostals? | muscles that contract during forced expiration
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| what does the diaphragm do? | it is a dome shaped muscle that is responsible for quiet breathing
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| what is the rectus abdominis? | the abs
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| what is the linea alba? | white line of connective tissue that extends from the sternum to the pelvis
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| what are the tendinous inscriptions? | they cross the rectus abdominis in three places and form a segmented look in the abs
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| 80 what are the external obliques? | internal and transverse muscles
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| what do the abdominal wall muscles do? | they flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in abdominal viscera
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| from superior to deep, what are the mscle layer lateral to the rectus abdominis? | external abdominal obliques, internal abdominal obliques, anf transverses abdominal obliques
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| what does the trapezius do? | rotates the scapula
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| what does the serratus anterior do? | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| what is the arm attached the the thorax by? | the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles
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| what does the pectoralis major do? | adducts and flexes the arm
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| what does the latissimus dorsi do? | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. " swimmers muscle"
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| what does the deltoid do? | attaches the humerous to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major adductor of the upper limb
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| what do the triceps brachii do? | extend the forearm. they occupy the posterior compartment of the arm
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| 90 what do the biceps brachii do? | flexes the arm. occupies the anterior compartment of the arm
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| what does the brachialis do? | flexes forearm
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| what does the brachioradialis do? | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| what is the retinaculum ? | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not "bowstring" during muscle contraction
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| what does the flexor carpi do? | flexes the wrist
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| what does the extensor carpi do? | extends the wrist
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| what does the flexor digitorum do? | flexes the fingers
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| what does the extensor digitorum do? | extends the fingers
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| what are the 19 hand muscles called? | intrinsic hand muscles
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| what are interossi muscles> | uscles located between the metacarpals , they are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers
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| 100 what are the gluteus maximus? | the buittocks
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| what is the gluteus medius? | the hip muscle
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| what do the quadraceps femoris do? | extend the leg. they are anterior thigh muscles
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| what does the sartorious muscle do? | flees the thigh " tailors muscle"
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| what do the hamstring muscles do? | flexes the leg and extends the thigh. they are the posterior thigh muscles
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| what do the gastronemius and solus do? | they form the calf muscle
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| what does the calcaneal tendon do? | flexes the foot and toes
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| what are the 20 foot muscles? | intrinsic foot muscles
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| what do the intrinsic foot muscles do? | they flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes
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| what are the lateral muscles of the leg? | peroneus muscles
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| 110 what do the peroneus muscles do? | they are primarily everters of the foot, but they also aid in plantar flexion
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