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chapter 6 anatomy
Anatomy chapter six on muscles
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1 what is contractility? | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| what is excitability? | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulous |
| what is extensibility? | the ability to be streched |
| what is elasticity? | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been streched |
| what is the epimysium? | surrounds the skeletal muscle |
| what is fascia? | a connective tissue located outside of the epimysium. i surrounds and separates each muscle |
| what is the perimysium ? | a coarse fibrous membrane |
| what is a fascicle? | bundle of fibers |
| what is a striated muscle? | skeletal muscle that is striped |
| 10 what is the endomysium? | a delicate connective tissue sheath that enclose each muscle fiber |
| what are muscle fibers? | elongated muscle cells |
| what are skeletal muscle fibers? | elongated muscle cells that attach to the skeleton |
| what is a smooth muscle ? | has no striations and is involuntary, which means that you cannot continuously control it. |
| what are tendons? | chord like muscles |
| what is a aponeuroses? | sheetlike tendons which attach muscle indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissues |
| what are cardiac muscles? | muscle of the heart |
| what are muscle funtions? | it produces movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and generates heat |
| what is a sarcolemma? | plasma membrane surrounding the oval nuclei |
| what are myofibrilis? | push the nuclei aside, and nearly fill the cytoplasm |
| 20 what are sarcomeres? | are aligned end-to-end like boxcars in a train along the length of myofibrils. they extend from one z line to another z line, and eah z line is an attachment site for actin. |
| what is the A band ? | extends the length of the myosin. it is the darker central region in each sarcomere. |
| what is the H zone? | the light area in the center of each sarcomere witch consists of only myosin. |
| what is the M line? | the dark staining band in the center of the sarcomere where the myosin myofilaments are anchored. |
| what is the resting membrane potential? | the charge difference across the membrane |
| what is action potential? | when a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics reverse the charge back. |
| what are motor neurons? | are nerve cells the carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| what is a neuromuscular junction( N. J. )? | each branch of the muscle where the axons enter. each branch that connect to the muscle is a N. J. |
| what is a synapse? | near the center of the cell |
| what is a motor unit? | a singe motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. form a single muscle |
| 30 what is a presynaptic terminal? | the enlarged nerve terminal |
| what is the synaptic cleft? | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| what is the postsynaptic terminal? | muscle fiber |
| what are synaptic vessels? | contained in the postsynaptic terminal |
| what is a acetylcholine? | a neurotransmitter the diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to thepostsynaptic terminal |
| what is sliding filament mechanism? | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| what is a muscle twitch? | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| what is a lag phase? | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of the contraction |
| what is the contraction phase? | the time of the contraction |
| what is the relaxation phase? | the time during which the muscle relaxes |
| 40 what is the tetany? | where the musle remains contracted without relaxing |
| what is recruitment? | the increase of motor units being activated |
| what is creatine phosphate? | a high energy molecule a lot like ATP |
| what is anerobic respiration? | without oxygen |
| what is aerobic respiration? | with oxygen |
| what is oxygen debt? | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose |
| what is muscle fatigue? | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| what are isometric muscle contraction? | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| what are isotonic muscle contractions? | the amount of tension is produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes |
| what is muscle tone? | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| 50 what are fast-twitch fibers? | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| what are slow-twitch fibers? | contract more slowly and are most resistant to fatigue |
| what are the points of attachment? | the origin and insertion |
| what is the origin? | the most stationary end of the muscle |
| what is insertion? | the end of the muscle that is undergoing the greatest movement |
| what is the belly of the muscle? | the portion of the muscle between the origin and insertion |
| what are synergists? | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| what are antagonists? | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| what is a prime mover? | one muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| what does the occipitofrontalis do? | raises the eyebrows |
| 60 what does the orbicularis oculi do? | closes the eyelid "crows feet" |
| what does the orbicularis oris do? | puckers the lips "kissing muscle" |
| what does the buccinator do? | flattens the cheeks " trumpeters muscle" |
| what are the two kissing muscles? | buccinator and orbicularis oris |
| what does the zygomaticus do? | used for smiling |
| what does the levator labii superioris do? | used for sneering |
| what does the depressor anguli oris do? | its used for frowning |
| what is mastication? | chewing |
| what muscles are used in mastication? | temporalis. mastoid, and pterygoids |
| what is the extrensic tongue muscle? | it moves the tongue |
| 70 what is the intrensic tongue muscle? | it changes the shape of the tongue |
| what is the sternoclydomastoid? | the neck muscle used for rotation and adduction. " twisted" or "wry neck" |
| does the hyoid bone have articulation? | no |
| what is the erector spinae? | muscle found in each side of the back. it is responsible for erect posture |
| what are the external intercostals? | muscles that contract during inspiration |
| what are internal intercostals? | muscles that contract during forced expiration |
| what does the diaphragm do? | it is a dome shaped muscle that is responsible for quiet breathing |
| what is the rectus abdominis? | the abs |
| what is the linea alba? | white line of connective tissue that extends from the sternum to the pelvis |
| what are the tendinous inscriptions? | they cross the rectus abdominis in three places and form a segmented look in the abs |
| 80 what are the external obliques? | internal and transverse muscles |
| what do the abdominal wall muscles do? | they flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in abdominal viscera |
| from superior to deep, what are the mscle layer lateral to the rectus abdominis? | external abdominal obliques, internal abdominal obliques, anf transverses abdominal obliques |
| what does the trapezius do? | rotates the scapula |
| what does the serratus anterior do? | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| what is the arm attached the the thorax by? | the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles |
| what does the pectoralis major do? | adducts and flexes the arm |
| what does the latissimus dorsi do? | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. " swimmers muscle" |
| what does the deltoid do? | attaches the humerous to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major adductor of the upper limb |
| what do the triceps brachii do? | extend the forearm. they occupy the posterior compartment of the arm |
| 90 what do the biceps brachii do? | flexes the arm. occupies the anterior compartment of the arm |
| what does the brachialis do? | flexes forearm |
| what does the brachioradialis do? | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| what is the retinaculum ? | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not "bowstring" during muscle contraction |
| what does the flexor carpi do? | flexes the wrist |
| what does the extensor carpi do? | extends the wrist |
| what does the flexor digitorum do? | flexes the fingers |
| what does the extensor digitorum do? | extends the fingers |
| what are the 19 hand muscles called? | intrinsic hand muscles |
| what are interossi muscles> | uscles located between the metacarpals , they are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers |
| 100 what are the gluteus maximus? | the buittocks |
| what is the gluteus medius? | the hip muscle |
| what do the quadraceps femoris do? | extend the leg. they are anterior thigh muscles |
| what does the sartorious muscle do? | flees the thigh " tailors muscle" |
| what do the hamstring muscles do? | flexes the leg and extends the thigh. they are the posterior thigh muscles |
| what do the gastronemius and solus do? | they form the calf muscle |
| what does the calcaneal tendon do? | flexes the foot and toes |
| what are the 20 foot muscles? | intrinsic foot muscles |
| what do the intrinsic foot muscles do? | they flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes |
| what are the lateral muscles of the leg? | peroneus muscles |
| 110 what do the peroneus muscles do? | they are primarily everters of the foot, but they also aid in plantar flexion |
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jesibhur
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