study guide chapter 6
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| contractility | ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| excitability | capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched.
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| epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds the skeletal muscle.
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| Fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates muscles.
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| perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds fascicle
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| muscle fasciculi | numerous visible bundles that the muscles are composed of.
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| fibers | single muscle cells that the fasciculi are composed of.
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| endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds fibers
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| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| sarcomeres | basic structural and functional unity of the muscle
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| Z line | attachment site for actin
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| I band | light area on each side of the Z line that consists of actin
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| A band | extends the length of the myosin and is the darkest central region in each sarcomere.
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| H zone | light area in the center of each sarcomere
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| M line | dark staining band anchored in the center of the sacromere
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| resting membrane potential | change difference across the membrane
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| action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge
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| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| axons | enter the muscles and branches
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| neuromusclular junction or synapse | each branch that connects to the muscle froms ____ near the center of the cell
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| motor unit | single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| single muscle | many motors unit form ___
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| Synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell.
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter
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| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaotic terminal causing change in the postsynaptic cell.
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| acetylcholinesterase | enzymes that break down acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell
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| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers.
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| threshold | point in which the muscle fiber will contract mazimally
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| all-or-none response | phenomenon of threshold
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| lag phrase | time between applicatin of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| `contraction phase | time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing.
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| recruitment | increase in number of mototr units being activated
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | needed for energy for muscle contraction
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| ATP | produced in the mitochondria, short-lived and unstable, it degenerates to the more stable ADP plus phosphate.
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| ADP | more stable enegry
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| Creatine phosphate | high-energy molecules that muscle cells can store
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen and is more efficient
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| two types of muscle contractions | Isometric Isotonic
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| Isometric (equal distance) | length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| Isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle in constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. (Keeps head up and back straight)
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| fast-twithch fibers | Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. contract quickly and fatigue guickly. (White meat of a chicken's breast)
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| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. They are better suited for aerobic metabolism (Dark meat of a duck's breat; legs of a chicken)
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| origin | the most stationary end of the muscle. (head)
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| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | portion of muscle between the origin and the indertionsynergists
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the _____
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| Muslces | named according to their location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function, etc.
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| Muscles help what? | to produce heat essential for maintenance or normal body tempeature
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| What is each muscle fiber? | single cylindrical cell containing several tissue
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| Cytoplasm of each fiber is__ | filled with myofibils
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| Myofibrils consist of ? | to major protein fibers -actin myofilaments -myosin myofilaments
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| Actin and Myosin myofilaments from what? | highly ordered units called sarcomeres
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| neuromusclular junction | formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane
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| muscle contraction | occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten
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| During sliding filament mechanism... | H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do not change in length
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| If successive stimuli are given... | you get successive twitches that occur so frequently the muscle does not have time to fully relax
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| during period of inactivity.. | energy contained in ATP is used to synthesize creatine phosphate.
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| Points of attachment of each muscle | origin and insertion
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| two characteristics of skeletal Muscle | -Four Major Functional Characteristics -Structure
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| outside of most cell membranes is... | positively charged compared to the inside of the cell memeberane, which is negatively charged.
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