S&HA&P PowerPoint 14
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| Boyle's law | the pressure of gas decreases as the volume of its container increases and vice-versa. (Air flows from a zone of higher pressure to one of lower pressure and vice versa)
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| Apply Boyle's law to the human respiration system | When diaphragm contracts during ins. volume of the thoracic cavity increases->intrapulmonary pressure decreases, creating a vacuum, and air flows into lungs. When volume of thoracic cavity decreases during exp. intrapulmonary pressure increases->air out
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| spirometer | measures the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs
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| 1 cycle | 1 inspiration + 1 expiration
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| You go through __-__ cycles per minute at rest; __-__ liters of air per minute. | 18, 20; 6, 8
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| Tidal volume (TV) | volume of air exchanged per cycle
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| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | volume of air that can be inspired after tidal inspiration
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| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a normal expiration
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| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | volume of air that can be expired after tidal expiration
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| Vital Capacity (VC) | volume of air that can be inspired after maximum expiration: capacity of air available for speech
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| Residual volume (RV) | volume of air in lungs after maximum exhalation
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| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | volume of air in lungs after tidal expiration
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| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | total air capacity of lungs
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| Lung volumes and capacities vary with: | chemical factors, age, physical factors, emotional factors, and health. Most conditions are compensated, when possible, by change in tidal volume (TV).
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| lung volume/capacity variation: chemical factors | carbon dioxide and oxygen levels as measured by chemoreceptors in blood vessels
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| lung volume/capacity variation: age | Rate decreases with old age as well as elasticity of lungs, vital capacity, and blood oxygen levels.
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| lung volume/capacity variation: physical factors | tall vs. short, athlete vs. sedentary, high altitudes, sea level, exercise, talking, etc.
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| lung volume/capacity variation: health | smoking, genetic diseases, astha, etc.
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| Respiration is controlled by the ________ that automatically regulates the _____and ____ of _______ depending on the body's needs. | brainstem, regulates the rate and depth of breathing
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| In the brainstem, the respiration center is in the: | medulla oblongata and pons
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| Describe brainstem's function in respiration | carbon dioxide level increases-->drop in blood pH stimulates chemoreceptors-->send impulses to respiration center in medulla and pons in brainstem-->brainstem activates nerves involved in respiratory process
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| Asthma | patients have airways chronically inflamed, causing them to tighten and narrow when a person comes into contact with irritants. They respond with dyspnea (short of breath), coughing, and wheezing.
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| Bronchitis | lining of bronchial tubes becomes inflamed and excessive amount of mucus are produced-->cough
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| Cold/Pneumonia | viruses and bacteria cause inflammation of the upper respiratory tract
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| Lung Cancer | uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues-->metastasis (invasion of adjacent tissue) and infiltration beyond lungs.
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| Cystic fibrosis | genetic condition causing mucus to be thick and sticky, clogging the airways and promoting bacterial infection
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| Emphysema | alveolar walls are destroyed along with capillary blood vessels that run within them. Lessens the total area in lung where blood & air come together, thus limiting the potential for oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer. Cyanosis (blue coloration of skin).
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