A & P medical A&P
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| the parts of the urinary systems are the | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra (meatus)
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| 4 functions of the kidney's | formation, excretion of urine, secretion of renin, secretion of erythropoietin, activation of vitamin D
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| 3 words for passage of urine | urination, micturition, voiding
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| calyces (singular, calyx) | cup like areas that collect urine and continuously drains into the bladder
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| nephron | working units of the kidneys
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| where do the kidneys lie | against the dorsal body wall in the retropertioneal position in the superior lumbar region
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| At the hilus | the ureters, the renal blood vessels, and nerves enter or exit
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| Atop each kidney is the | adrenal gland
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| What are the 3 distinct regions of the kidneys | Renal cortex-outer, contains renal columns
Renal medulla-inner
Renal pelvis-basin
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| Urination formation is the result of 3 processes. what are they | filtration, reabsorption, secretion
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| what are 2 normal waste products found in urine | urea, creatinine
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| What are the 3 hormones which influence reabsorption of water | ANP or ANH - Arterial Natriuretic Peptide which is secreted by the heart
ADH Antidiuretic hormone - secreted by posterior pitutiary glands and conserve water
Aldosterone - conserves sodium
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| Urine pH varies from | 4.5 to 8.o with an average of 6 (acidic)
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| the color of urine | pale yellow or clear
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| Specific gravity (weight of gravity as to distilled water) | 1.001-1.035
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| Is urine sterile | yes
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| The only part of the urinary system that is not sterile is | external meatus
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| Ureters (2) | the passage ways that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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| bladder (1) | stores urine temporary
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| Urethra (1) | tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body.
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| female urethra | 1- 1/2" long - function is to conduct urine out of the body
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| Male urethra | approx 8" - carries urine out of the body and provides passageway which sperm is ejected from the body. Part of both urinary and reproductive system
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| UTI | Urinary tract infection
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| who is most likely to get an UTI? Why? | woman, because urethra is shorter
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| Renal calculi= | kidney stones; can be crushed, but still needs to be passed
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| Where is the trigone located | base of bladder; where theres w ureters & 1 urethea
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| Rugae= | folds in the bladder when its empty
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| Whats the normal avg output for the adult | 720 mL/day
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| Incontinence | inability to control urine or defecation
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| urinary retention | cannot void although kidneys are produces urine
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| Urgency (as related to urinary system) | have to void now
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| Frequency (as related to urinary system) | urge to void often
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| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder; bacteria, holding urine to long, colored underwear, bathing suits, bubble baths
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| anuria= | void less than 100 mL/day
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| oliguria | void less than 400 mL/day
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| hematuria | blood in urine; UTI, cystitis
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| painless hematuria | cancer of the bladder
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| glycosuria (glucosuria) | sugar in the urine; diabetes
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| proteinuria = and when might this occur | protein in the urine; pregnancy, hypertension
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| pyuria= and when might this occur | pus in the urine; pregnancy, infection
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| UA= | urinalysis
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| BUN= | blood, urea, nitrogen; blood test for nitrogen
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| If body fluids are to alkaline | the kidneys will secrete what they need to
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| When the blood pressure decreases | kidneys will secrete renin
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| The detrusor muscle is part of the bladder that eliminates urine | true or false
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| The metabolism of amino acids results in a nitrogenous waste product know as | urea
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| What type of muscle propels urine through a ureter | smooth
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| Meiosis= | cell division of the reproductive cells
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| gametes= | sex cells; sperm, ova
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| gonads= | testes (males), ovaries (females)
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| genitalia | all reproductive organs all together (internal & external)
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| where are the testes located | within the scrotum because body temp is to warm
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| What are the 'sperm-forming' factories | seminiferous tubules
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| Sperm travels from the testes to the ________ | epididymis which is the first part of the duct system
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| What is a temp storage site for the immature sperm | epididymis
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| As sperm travel through the _________, they mature, gaining the ability to swim | epididymis
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| The sperm travel through through the _______ (also known as _____), and empties into the ________ which propels the live sperm from their storage site | vas deferens, ductus, ejaculatory duct
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| prepuce= | foreskin of the penis
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| circumcision | removal of the foreskin
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| Which part of the male produt sys is rich in fructose and enhances motility of the sperm | seminal vesicles
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| What encircles the upper part of the male urethra just below the urinary bladder | the prostate gland
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| Which male reprod gland produce a secretion that cleanses the urethra of traces of acidic urine prior to ejaculation? | vulvo urethral
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| _______ is a mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions | semen
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| spermatogenesis= | sperm formation
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| When the sperm and egg unite, there are a total of | 46 chromosomes
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| 3 main parts of the sperm | head, mid-piece, flagellum
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| The DNA is located in what part of the sperm | head
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| Hyposecretion of ____ &_____ result in sterility | FSH, LH
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| Collectively, the male hormones are known as | androgens
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| the main male hormone is | testosterone
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| List some secondary male sex characteristics | body hair, deeper voice, muscle enlargement
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| where are the ovaries located | one on each side of tht mYe uterus in the pelvic cavity
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| oocyte | immature egg cell
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| 2 other names for fallopian tubes | uterine tubes & oviducts
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| the fallopian tubes extend from | the ovaries to the uterus
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| What receives the egg and provides a site for fertilization | fallopian tubes
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| fimbriae= | finger like projections that sweep the egg into the fallopian tube so that it may be fertilized
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| if 'everything is as it should be' fertilization takes place in the | fallopian tube and implantation takes place in the uterus
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| ectopic pregnancy | implantation that takes place any other place other than the uterus
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| 3 main parts of the uterus | fundus, body, cervix
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| endometrium= | inner lining of the uterus
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| myometrium= | middle (muscular) lining of the uterus
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| PID | pelvic inflammatory disease
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| 3 functions of the vagina | provides passageway for delivery of an infant, passageway for menstrual flow, receives penis & semen for sexual intercourse
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| where is the hymen located | fold of mucus membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening
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| clitoris= | erectile tissue
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| vulva= | all of the external genitalia for the female
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| oogenesis | production of eggs
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| perineum= | external genitals to the anus outward to thighs
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| list secondary sex characteristics for the female | breast, beginning of menstrual cycle, broaden hips
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| mittelschmerz | abdominal pain when ovulating
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| menarche | start of menstrual period
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| menopause | end on menstrual period - no periods after 1 year
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| in the menstrual cycle day 1-5 is known as | menstrual phase (bleeding)
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| in the menstrual cycle day 6-14 is known as | proliferate stage (estrogen levels increase)
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| vasectomy | surgical sterilization procedure for the male
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| in the menstrual cycle day 15-28 is known as | secretory phase (progesterone levels increase)
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| main hormone for females | estrogen
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| mammary glands are modified | sweat glands
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| where is the areola | reddish-brown area surrounding the nipples
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| mammography | x-ray of the breast. can detect a mass as small as a period
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| Hormone responsible for milk production | prolactin
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| hormone responsible for milk secretion | oxytocin
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| what occurs during the gestation period | development of an embryo to a fetus
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| the 1st 8 weeks of gestation, the conceptus is known as a _______. and from then until birth it is known as a ______, and at birth it is known as a _______. | embryo, fetus, infant
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| Who as XX | female
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| who has XY | male
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| Who determines the sex of the child | XY - male
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| what occurs when the union of the sperm and egg form a new one-celled individual | fertilization
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| zygote | fertilized egg
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| in the umbilical cord there are | 2 arteries, 1 vein
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| The 'laymens' term for amniotic fluid is | bag of water
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| abortion | termination of pregnancy prior to 20 weeks
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| there are several types of abortion | elective, miscarrage, habitual aborter
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| gravitia | pregnancy for the first time
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| changes to mother to be in gastrointestinal | morning sickness, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids
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| changes to mother to be in urinary | frequency, stress incontinence
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| changes to mother to be in respiratory | dyspnea, nasal stuffyness, tidal volume increases
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| changes to mother to be in cardiovascular | increase in blood pressure, blood volume increases, venous return
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| parturition | act of giving birth
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| Braxton Hick's | false labor
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| 4 stages of labor | 1. dilation 2. expulsion 3. placental 4. recovery
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| what happen in stage 1 of labor | dilation- cervix dilates, fetus begins to shift toward the cervical canal. 1st true contraction; actually begins working w cervix to 10 cm
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| what happen in stage 2 of labor | expulsion - 10cm to delivery of the infant
avg labor 16-20 hrs
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| what happen in stage 3 of labor | placental - delivery of infant to delivery of placenta; usually takes 5 mins.
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| what happen in stage 4 of labor | recovery - first 2 -4 hrs after delivery
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| APGAR score | done on baby 1 min & 5 min after birth; done by nurses; at 1 min usually a score of 7-8; 5 mins score of 10 if all is well
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| what is the laymens term for the placenta | afterbirth
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| cryptorchidism | testes do not descend. If left undescended could cause cancer; surgery can be done to correct
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| ultrasound | non-invasive, helps determine age, gender, size of fetus; uses high-frequency soundwaves to provide image
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| Amniocentesis | invassive; thru abdominal wall, uterine wall & placenta. sampling fluid in the amniotic sac. if dr orders it - get it done; can cause premature labor
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| Chorionic villus sampling | invassive; going thru cervix, testing for chromosomal abnormalities; can cause premature labor
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| AFP | Alpha-fetoprotein
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| Identical twins | single zygote splitting into 2 cell masses & becoming 2 individuals, same DNA, same sex
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| fraternal twins | fertilization of 2 different ova by different sperm; siblings who share a common uterine environment
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| teratogen | agent capable of causing embryo or fetus malformations. diseases, agents, x-rays etc
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| STD treatable with penicillin; but can cause lesions of the nervous and cardiovascular system | syphilis
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| The process of oogenesis produces an egg cell approx. every | 28 days
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| The ductus deferens enters the abdominal cavity thru | the inguinal canal
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| colostrum | pre-milk; produced by mom while breast feeding and delivered to baby within 24-48 hours. gives baby all it needs
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