Orientation to The Human Body
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| Integumentary System | Protection, temperature regulation, water retention, and sensation.
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| Skeletal System | Protection of body organs, support, movement, and blood formation.
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| Muscular System | Movement, posture, and heat production
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| Lymphatic System | Role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, and defense against disease.
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| Respiratory System | Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base, and speech.
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| Urinary System | Excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
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| Nervous System | Control, regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, and memory.
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| Endocrine System | Hormone production, and control and regulation of other systems.
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| Circulatory System | Distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells and anti-bodies. fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
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| Disgestive System | Breakdown and absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes.
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| Male Reproductive System | Production and delivery of sperm, and secretion of sex hormones.
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| Female Reproductive System | Production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, birth, lactation, and secretion of sex hormones.
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| Anatomical Position | Standing erect, arms at the sides, with face palms, and feet facing foward.
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| Right and Left | Always refer to the patient's right and left side.
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| Medial | Towards the body's midline.
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| Lateral | Away from the body's midline.
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| Proximal | Closest to the point of orgin.
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| Distal | Farthest from point of origin.
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| Superior | Above
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| Inferior | Below
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| Anterior (Ventral) | Toward the front of the body
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| Posterior (Dorsal) | Toward the back of the body.
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| Superficial | At or near the body's surface.
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| Deep | Away from the body's surface.
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| Anatomy | is the study of the structure.
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| Physiology | is the study of body functions.
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| Pathophysiology | is the study of diseases.
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| Organization of the body | is simple to complex and it each builds upon the one before.
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| Cells | is the smallest living unit.
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| Tissues | is a group of cells with similar structure and function.
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| Examples of tissues | Epithelial, Connevtive, Muscle, and Nerve
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| Organs | is a groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function.
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| Organ Systems | ia a group of organs that work to perform a function.
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| Examples of an organ system are | Uninary, digestive, respiratory system, and etc.
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| Organism | is all body functions contributing t a living being.
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| To make anatomical terms universally understood, they are always in reference to a standard body position called | anatomical position.
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| Anatomical postion | is standing, arms at sides, feet and palms facing foward.
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| Directional terms | are grouped in pairs of opposites.
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| Internal | within, interior to
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| External | outside, exterior to
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| Central | center, main part
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| Peripheral | away from the center ot main part
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| Parietal | pertaining to the wall of a cavity
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| Visceral | pertaining to the organs within a cavity
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| Plane | is an imaginary flat surface that seperates 2 portions.
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| Sagittal section | seperates body into right and left portions.
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| Midsagittal plane | exactly in the middle
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| Parasagittal Plane | not midline.
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| Transverse section | seperates body into upper and lower portions. (Horizontal)
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| Frontal section also known as | Coronal section
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| Frontal section | seperates into front and back portions.
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| Axillary | armpit
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| Brachial | upper arm
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| Buccal | cheek
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| Oral | mouth
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| vertebral | spine
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| Cervical | neck
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| Digital | fingers
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| Facial | face
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| Deltoid | shoulder
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| Femoral | thigh
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| Frontal | forehead
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| Pedal | foot
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| Carpal | carpal
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| Antecubical | front of the elbow
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| Tarsal | ankle
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| Inguinal | Inguinal (Not groin;Groin is a muscle group)
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| Cephalic | head
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| Mammary | breast
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| Nasal | nose
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| Palmar | palm
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| Orbital | eye
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| Umbilical | Navel/belly button
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| Patellar | Knee
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| Pectoral | chest
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| Sternal | sternum
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| Pelvic | pelvis
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| Abdominal | abdomen
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| Plantar | sole of feet
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| Popliteal | back of knee
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| Sacral | sacrum
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| Perineal | pelvic floor
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| Scapular | scapula (shoulder blade)
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| Occipital | back of head
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| Lumbar | lower back
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| Calcaneal | heel
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| Gluteal | Buttock
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| Cranial | Skull
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| There are 2 major body cavity | Dorsal Cavity and Ventral Cavity
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| Dorsal cavity | contains cranial and spinal.
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| Cranial Skull | is the brain.
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| Spinal Column | is the spinal cord.
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| Ventral Cavity | contains the Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity.
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| Thoracic Cavity | includes the heart and lungs.
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| Pleural cavity | contains the lungs.
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| Mediastirium | comtains the heart great vessels, trachea, and esophagus.
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| Abdominopelvic cavity | is seperated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
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| Abdominal cavity | contains liver, stomach, intestines, and etc.
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| Pelvic cavity | is below the pelvic rim.
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| Pelvic cavity | includes the bladder, reproductive organs, colon, rectum, covered by mesentry.
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| How many regions are in the abdomen? | 9 regions
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| Upper areas above bottom or the rib cage are called | Right and Left Hypochondraic and Epigastric Region.
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| Middle region areas are called | Right and Left Lumbar and Umbilical Region.
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| Lower areas below the iliac crest are called | Right and Left Iliac and Hypogastric.
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| How many quadrants are in the abdomen? | 4 quadrants.
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| 4 quadrants are divided by 2 imaginary lines, one vertical, and one horizontal that crosses the | Umbilicus.
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| RUQ | Right Upper Quadrant
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| RLQ | Right Lower Quadrant
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| LUQ | Left Upper Quadrant
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| LLQ | Left upper Quadrant
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| Homeostasis | is the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body.
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| Homeostatic regulation | is the process of adjusting to maintain homeostasis with the receptor, control center, and effector.
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| Negative Feedback | reverses of a function brought about by monitoring the results of the function.
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| The effector | opposes the stimulus.
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| Example of a negative feedbeack is | blood pressure.
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| Positive Feedback | enhancement of a function.
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| The effector | reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the change.
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| Example of a positive feedback is | childbirth.
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| a term to describe something toward the body's midline is | medial
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| The name of the major body caity that encompassing the frontal portion of the body is called | Ventral
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| What is the term to describe the abdominal region just under the breastbone? | Epigastric Region
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| The process of homeostatic regulation operates most often through a system of: | Negative Feedback.
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Created by:
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