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Chapter 1
Orientation to The Human Body
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Integumentary System | Protection, temperature regulation, water retention, and sensation. |
| Skeletal System | Protection of body organs, support, movement, and blood formation. |
| Muscular System | Movement, posture, and heat production |
| Lymphatic System | Role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, and defense against disease. |
| Respiratory System | Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base, and speech. |
| Urinary System | Excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. |
| Nervous System | Control, regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, and memory. |
| Endocrine System | Hormone production, and control and regulation of other systems. |
| Circulatory System | Distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells and anti-bodies. fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. |
| Disgestive System | Breakdown and absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes. |
| Male Reproductive System | Production and delivery of sperm, and secretion of sex hormones. |
| Female Reproductive System | Production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, birth, lactation, and secretion of sex hormones. |
| Anatomical Position | Standing erect, arms at the sides, with face palms, and feet facing foward. |
| Right and Left | Always refer to the patient's right and left side. |
| Medial | Towards the body's midline. |
| Lateral | Away from the body's midline. |
| Proximal | Closest to the point of orgin. |
| Distal | Farthest from point of origin. |
| Superior | Above |
| Inferior | Below |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Toward the front of the body |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Toward the back of the body. |
| Superficial | At or near the body's surface. |
| Deep | Away from the body's surface. |
| Anatomy | is the study of the structure. |
| Physiology | is the study of body functions. |
| Pathophysiology | is the study of diseases. |
| Organization of the body | is simple to complex and it each builds upon the one before. |
| Cells | is the smallest living unit. |
| Tissues | is a group of cells with similar structure and function. |
| Examples of tissues | Epithelial, Connevtive, Muscle, and Nerve |
| Organs | is a groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function. |
| Organ Systems | ia a group of organs that work to perform a function. |
| Examples of an organ system are | Uninary, digestive, respiratory system, and etc. |
| Organism | is all body functions contributing t a living being. |
| To make anatomical terms universally understood, they are always in reference to a standard body position called | anatomical position. |
| Anatomical postion | is standing, arms at sides, feet and palms facing foward. |
| Directional terms | are grouped in pairs of opposites. |
| Internal | within, interior to |
| External | outside, exterior to |
| Central | center, main part |
| Peripheral | away from the center ot main part |
| Parietal | pertaining to the wall of a cavity |
| Visceral | pertaining to the organs within a cavity |
| Plane | is an imaginary flat surface that seperates 2 portions. |
| Sagittal section | seperates body into right and left portions. |
| Midsagittal plane | exactly in the middle |
| Parasagittal Plane | not midline. |
| Transverse section | seperates body into upper and lower portions. (Horizontal) |
| Frontal section also known as | Coronal section |
| Frontal section | seperates into front and back portions. |
| Axillary | armpit |
| Brachial | upper arm |
| Buccal | cheek |
| Oral | mouth |
| vertebral | spine |
| Cervical | neck |
| Digital | fingers |
| Facial | face |
| Deltoid | shoulder |
| Femoral | thigh |
| Frontal | forehead |
| Pedal | foot |
| Carpal | carpal |
| Antecubical | front of the elbow |
| Tarsal | ankle |
| Inguinal | Inguinal (Not groin;Groin is a muscle group) |
| Cephalic | head |
| Mammary | breast |
| Nasal | nose |
| Palmar | palm |
| Orbital | eye |
| Umbilical | Navel/belly button |
| Patellar | Knee |
| Pectoral | chest |
| Sternal | sternum |
| Pelvic | pelvis |
| Abdominal | abdomen |
| Plantar | sole of feet |
| Popliteal | back of knee |
| Sacral | sacrum |
| Perineal | pelvic floor |
| Scapular | scapula (shoulder blade) |
| Occipital | back of head |
| Lumbar | lower back |
| Calcaneal | heel |
| Gluteal | Buttock |
| Cranial | Skull |
| There are 2 major body cavity | Dorsal Cavity and Ventral Cavity |
| Dorsal cavity | contains cranial and spinal. |
| Cranial Skull | is the brain. |
| Spinal Column | is the spinal cord. |
| Ventral Cavity | contains the Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity. |
| Thoracic Cavity | includes the heart and lungs. |
| Pleural cavity | contains the lungs. |
| Mediastirium | comtains the heart great vessels, trachea, and esophagus. |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | is seperated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. |
| Abdominal cavity | contains liver, stomach, intestines, and etc. |
| Pelvic cavity | is below the pelvic rim. |
| Pelvic cavity | includes the bladder, reproductive organs, colon, rectum, covered by mesentry. |
| How many regions are in the abdomen? | 9 regions |
| Upper areas above bottom or the rib cage are called | Right and Left Hypochondraic and Epigastric Region. |
| Middle region areas are called | Right and Left Lumbar and Umbilical Region. |
| Lower areas below the iliac crest are called | Right and Left Iliac and Hypogastric. |
| How many quadrants are in the abdomen? | 4 quadrants. |
| 4 quadrants are divided by 2 imaginary lines, one vertical, and one horizontal that crosses the | Umbilicus. |
| RUQ | Right Upper Quadrant |
| RLQ | Right Lower Quadrant |
| LUQ | Left Upper Quadrant |
| LLQ | Left upper Quadrant |
| Homeostasis | is the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body. |
| Homeostatic regulation | is the process of adjusting to maintain homeostasis with the receptor, control center, and effector. |
| Negative Feedback | reverses of a function brought about by monitoring the results of the function. |
| The effector | opposes the stimulus. |
| Example of a negative feedbeack is | blood pressure. |
| Positive Feedback | enhancement of a function. |
| The effector | reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the change. |
| Example of a positive feedback is | childbirth. |
| a term to describe something toward the body's midline is | medial |
| The name of the major body caity that encompassing the frontal portion of the body is called | Ventral |
| What is the term to describe the abdominal region just under the breastbone? | Epigastric Region |
| The process of homeostatic regulation operates most often through a system of: | Negative Feedback. |
Created by:
nmartinez06
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