Exam 4 Unit 4 (chapt 4, 6, 13, 5, 10)
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| Gene | Part of DNA molecule that encodes the information to synthesize a protein, a control sequence for tRNA or rRNA the unit of inheritance. The portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information from making a print
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| Genetic code | Information for synthesizing proteins encoded in nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules. The correspondence between a unit of DNA information (3 nitrogenous bases or a "triplet") and a particular amino acid
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| Genome | Complete set of genetic instructions of an organism (cell).
3.2 billion DNA bases long
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| Describe the chemical structure of a nucleic acid | A molecule that is composed of bonded nucleotides; RNA or DNA
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| Describe the chemical structure of a nucleotide | 5 carbon sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), a phosphate group and one of several nitrogenous bases
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| What are the four nucleotides of DNA | Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
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| What are the four nucleotides of RNA | Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Uracil (U)
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| Purines | Double organic ring structures
Ex: A & G
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| Pyrimidines | Single organic ring structures
Ex: T & C
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| What is meant by base pairing | Rungs are formed by bonding of complementary bases by weak hydrogen bonds.
Ex: A-T, C-G, T-A, G-C
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| RNAs main location is in the | Cytoplasm
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| DNAs main location is in | Part of chromosomes, in nucleus
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| Deoxyribose is 5 carbon sugar of RNA or DNA molecules | DNA
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| Ribose is a 5 carbon sugar of RNA or DNA molecules | RNA
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| What is the basic molecular structure of DNA molecules | Double-stranded
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| What is the basic molecular structure of RNA molecules | Single-stranded
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| What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA | Cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine
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| What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA | Cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil
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| What are the major functions of DNA molecules | Contains genetic code for protein synthesis, replicates prior to mitosis
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| What are the major functions of RNA molecules | Messenger RNA carries transcribed DNA information to cytoplasm and acts as template for synthesis of protein molecules; transfer RNA carries amino acids to messenger RNA; ribosomal RNA provides structure for ribosomes
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| Define hydrogen bond | Bond that holds double-stranded DNA together
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| Define nitrogenous base | Project from the sugar-phosphate backbone of one strand of DNA and bind to the other nitrogenous base on the second strand of DNA
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| Define double helix | Formed when double-stranded molecules twists
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| Covalent bond | Chemical bond formed by electron sharing between atoms
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| Describe DNA replication | When a cell divides, the process that creates an exact copy of a DNA molecule. This happens during "interphase" of cell cycle
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| Steps in DNA replication | -DNA helix unwind
-DNA separates into its 2 nucleotide chains
-each strand acts as a templet (set of instructions)
-end result: 2 DNA molecules that are identical to original DNA helix; each DNA molecule now consists of 1 "old" strand and 1 "new" stran
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| Define triplet | code consisting of sequences of 3 nucleotide
Ex: C,G,T or G, C, A
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| mRNA "condon" | Messenger RNA, Carries the "message" containing instructions for proteins synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes out in the cytoplasm
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| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA, Forms part of the "ribosomal" structure and helps coordinate the protein building process
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| tRNA "anticondon" | Transfer RNA, "Transports" an amino acid to the ribosome site; recognizes the mRNA Condons
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| RNA differs from DNA in that | -single-stranded
-contains ribose
-has uracil (U) as one of its 4 bases
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| DNA differs from RNA in that | -double-stranded
-contains deoxyribose
-has thymine (T) as one of its 4 bases
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