Medical & Scientific Terms
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| complete blood count (CBC) | the most common laboratory blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes
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| CD4 cell count | a measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult ranges is 600-1,500 cells)
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| white blood count (WBC) | a count of the number of white blood cels per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods
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| red blood count (RBC) | a count of the number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods la
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| hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb) | a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)
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| hematocrit (HCT of Hct) | a measurement of the percetage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
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| blood indices | calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood celss for classification of anemia
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| mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH) | a calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC results: MCH = HGB/RBC
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| mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | a calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results: MCHC = HGB/HCT
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| differential count | a determination of the number of each type of white blood cell (leukocyte) sen on a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined
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| red cell morphology | as part of identifying and counting the WBC's, the condition of the size and shape of the red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide is noted (e.g., anisocytosis, poikilocytosis)
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| platelet count (PLT) | a calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood: normal range 150,000-450,000/cubic milimeters
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ERS) | a timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells settle or fall through a given volume of plasma
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| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | a test to determine coagulation defects such as platelet disorders
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| thromboplastin | a substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
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| prothrombin time (PT) | a test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood
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| prothrombin | a protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
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| venipuncture/phlebotomy | and incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
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| bone marrow aspiration | a needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination
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| bone marrow biopsy | a pathological examination of bone marrow tissue
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| lymphangiogram | an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium
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| computed tomography (CT) | full-boy x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma
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| positron emission tomography (PET) | radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma
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| bone marrow transplant | the transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
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| lymphadenectomy | the removal of a lymph node
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| lymphadenotomy | an incision into a lymph node
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| lymph node dissection | the removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination
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| splenectomy | the removal of the spleen
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| thymectomy | the removal of the thymus glad
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| blood transfusion | the introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
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| autologous blood | blood donated by, and stored for, a patient for future personal use (e.g., upcoming surgery)
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| homologous blood | blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient
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| blood component therapy | the transfusion of specific blood components such as packed red blood cells, platelets, and plasma
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| crossmatching | a method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
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| chemotherapy | the treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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| immunotherapy | the use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms; as seen in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and allergy
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| plasmapheresis | the removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (such as platelets) followed by reinfusion (apheresis = a withdrawal)
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| anticoagulant | a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
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| hemostatic | a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels
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| vasoconstrictor | a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
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| vasodilator | a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow
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| alveol/o | alveolus (air sac)
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| bronch/o bronchi/o | bronchus (airway)
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| bronchiol/o | bronchiole (little airway)
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| capn/o carb/o | carbon dioxide
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| laryng/o | larynx (voice box)
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| lob/o | lobe (a portion)
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| nas/o rhin/o | nose
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| or/o | mouth
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| ox/o | oxygen
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| palat/o | palate
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| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat)
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| phren/o | diaphragm (also mind)
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| pleur/o | pleura
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| pneum/o pneumon/o | air or lung
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| pulmon/o | lung
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| sinus/o | sinus (cavity)
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| spir/o | breathing
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| thorac/o pector/o steth/o | chest
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| tonsill/o | tonsil (almond)
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| trache/o | trachea (windpipe)
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| uvul/o | uvula
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| -pnea | breathing
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| nose | structure that warms. moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract and that houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
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| sinuses | air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
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| palate | partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate
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| pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
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| nasopharynx | part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
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| oropharynx | central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
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| laryngopharynx | lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and the esophagus
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| tonsils | oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion- also called palatine tonsils
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| adenoid | lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose-also called pharyngeal tonsil
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| uvula | small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate, named for its grape-like shape
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| larynx | voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
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| glottis | opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
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| epiglottis | lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the arway
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| trachea | windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina where it splits into the right and left bronchus
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| bronchial tree | branched airways that lead from the trachea to the alveoli
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| right and left bronchus | two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
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| bronchioles | progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
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| alveoli | thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
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| lungs | two spongy organs, located in teh thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
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| lobes | subdivisions of the lung, two on the left and three on the right
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| pleura | membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
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| pleural cavity | potential space between the viscerla and parietal layers of the pleura
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| diaphragm | muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down
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| mediastinum | partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (that contain the right and left lungs) and encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
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| mucous membranes | thin sheets of tissue that line the respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
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| cilia | hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, that provide upward movement of mucus cell secretions
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| parenchyma | functional tissues of any organ such as the tissues fo the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs that perform respiration
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| eupnea | normal breathing
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| bradypnea | slow breathing
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| tachypnea | fast breathing
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| hypopnea | shallow breathing
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| hyperpnea | deep breathing
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| dyspnea | difficulty breathing
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| apnea | inability to breathe
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| orthopnea | ability to breathe only in an upright position
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| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
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| crackles/rales | popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli-occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
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| wheezes/rhonchi | high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway-occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
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| stridor | a high-pitched crowing sound that is a sign of obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)
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| caseous necrosis | degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance (characteristics of tuberculosis)
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| dysphonia | hoarseness (phon/o=voice or sound)
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| epistaxis | nosebleed (epi=upon; stazo=to drip)
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| expectoration | coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
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| sputum | material expelled from the lungs by coughing
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| hemoptysis | coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs (ptysis=to spit)
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| hypercapnia/hypercarbia | excessive level of carbon dioxide in teh blood (capno=smoke; carbo=coal)
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| hyperventilation | excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hepocapnia
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| hypoventilation | deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypercpnia
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| hypoxemia | deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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| hypoxia | deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
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| obstructive lung disorder | condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
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| restrictive lung disorder | condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
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| pulmonary edema | fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli
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| pulmonary infiltrate | density on an x-ray representing solid material within the air spaces of the lungs, usually indicating inflammatory changes
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| rhinorrhea | thin, watery discharge from the nose
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| asthma | panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swellin gof their mucous membrane, characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
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| atelectasis | collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele=imperfect)
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| bronchiectasis | abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucous
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| bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi
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| bronchogenic carcinoma | lung cancer
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| bronchospasm | constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle
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| emphysema | obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air, with destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange (emphysan=to inflate)
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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| cystic fibrosis | inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection
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| laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx
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| laryngotracheobronchitis/croup | inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
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| laryngospasm | spasm of laryngeal muscles causing constriction
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| nasal polyposis | presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)
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| pharyngitis | inflammation of the pharynx
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| pleural effusion | accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity
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| empyema/pyothorax | accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
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| hemothorax | accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
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| pleuritis/pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura
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| pnemoconiosis | chronic restrictive pulmonary desiease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis) (conio=dust)
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| pneumonia | inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals
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| pneumocystis/pneumonia | pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism-a common opportunistic infection seen in those with positive human immunodeficiency virus
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| pneumothorax | air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
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| pneumohemothorax | air and blood in the pleural cavity
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| pulmonary embolism (PE) | occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
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| pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) | disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)
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| sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses
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| sleep apnea | periods of breathing cessation (10seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
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| tonsillitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
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| upper respiratory infection (URI) | infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
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| arterial blood gases (ABGs) | analysis of arterial blood o determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
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| pH | a measure of blood acidity or alkalinity
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| PaO2 | partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood
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| PaCO2 | partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring teh amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
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| endoscopy | examination of a body cavity with a flexible endoscope to examine within for diagnostic or treatment purposes
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| bronchoscopy | use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
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| nasopharyngoscopy | use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions, growths, and cancers
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| lung biopsy (Bx) | removal of small piece of lung tissue for pathological examination
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| lung scan | two-part nuclear scan of teh lungs to detect abnormalities of perfusion (blood flow) or ventilation (respiration), commonly called a V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan
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| ventilation scan | made as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways
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| perfusion scan | made after radioactive material is injected into the blood and circulates to the lungs
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| magnetic resonance image (MRI) | nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
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| polysomnography (PSG) | recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movements, respiration, brain wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders (somn/o=sleep)
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| auscultation | to listen; physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of teh chest for heart and lung sounds
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| percussion | physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity such as the chest
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| pulmonary function testing (PFT) | direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
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| spirometry | portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
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| tidal volume (TV of Vsubt) | amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
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| vital capacity (VC) | amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
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| peak flow (PF) peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) | measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
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| pulse oximetry | noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
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| radiology | x-ray imaging
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| chest x-ray (CRX) | x-ray image of the chest to visualize the lungs
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| computed tomography | computed x-ray imaging of teh head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses; CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung
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| pulmonary angiography | x-ray of the blood vessels of the lungs after injection of contrast material
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| adenoidectomy | excision of the adenoids
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| lobectomy | removal of a lobe of a lung
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| nasal polypectomy | removal of a nasal polyp
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| pneumonectomy | removal of an entire lung
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| thoracentesis | puncture for aspiration of the chest
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| thoracoplasty | repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
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| thoracoscopy | endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope
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| thoracostomy | creation of an opening in the chest usually for insertion of a tube
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| thoracotomy | incision into the chest
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| tonsillectomy | excision of the palatine tonsils
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| tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A) | excision of the tonsils and adenoids
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| tracheostomy | creation of an opening in the trachea, most often to insert a tube
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| tracheotomy | incision into the trachea
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | method of artificial respiration and slosed-chest massage used to restore breathing and cardiac output after cardiac arrest
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| continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) | device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
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| endotracheal intubation | passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose of mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs (e.g., oxygen, anesthetics, or air)
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| incentive spirometry | common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
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| mechanical ventilation | mechanical method performed by a respiratory therapist to provide assisted breathing using a ventilator
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| antibiotic | drug that kills of inhibits the growth of microorganisms
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| anticoagulant | drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (e.g., heparin)
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| antihistamine | a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine
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| histamine | compound in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reaction, inflammation, etc., causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, etc.
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| bronchodilator | drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
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| expectorant | drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
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