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| imperialism | policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political dominance over other nations
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| Suez Canal | important by the British because it created the shortest route to India
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| Suez Canal | British bought stock in 1875 and established complete control in the 1880's
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| Suez Canal | controlling it was a centerpiece of British foreign policy
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| J.A. Hobson | subscribed to the idea that imperialism was the result of the last stages of capitalism
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| J.A. Hobson | "imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism"
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| jingoism | "We don't want to fight, but if we do, We've got the men, We've got the ships; We've got the money too!"
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| jingoism | the idea of "super patriotism"
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| eastern Question | related to the collapsing Ottoman Empire- about which Bismarck said "it is not worth the healthy bones of a single Pomeranian musketeer"
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| Congress of Berlin | Bismarck considered himself an "honest broker"
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| Congress of Berlin | occurred to review the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano
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| Congress of Berlin | results were a blow to Russia as Austria-Hungary was given Bosnia and Herzegovina to "occupy and administer" although they were supposed to still be under Ottoman rule
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| William II | confused policy toward Britain- one in which he admired them and wanted them for an ally but decided to make trouble for Britain reflected his mixed dislike and jealousy and admiration for the Brits
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| William II | policy led to considerable animosity between Germany and Britain, something Bismarck had sought to avoid
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| entente cordiale | not a formal treaty and had no military provisions, but it settled all outstanding colonial differences between Britain and France
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| entente cordiale | gave France a free hand in Morocco in return for French recognition of British control over Egypt
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| 1st Moroccan Crisis | confrontation between Germany and France led to a conference in Algeciras in 1906 at which Austria sided with Germany but Spain, Italy, Russia and the U.S. sided with France and Great Britain
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| 1st Moroccan Crisis | the germans received trivial concessions; the result was a closer relationship between Britain and France
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| Kruger telegram | Kaisser William II congratulated the Boers for repulsing a British raid "without having to appeal to friendly powers"; worsened relations between Germany and Britain
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| Alfred von Tirpitz | "architect" of the new Germany navy; openly proclaimed that Germany's naval policy was aimed at Britain
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| Treaty of San Stefano | the Slavic states in the Balkans were freed of Ottoman rule, and Russia obtained territory and a large monetary indemnity; alarmed nearly every power in Europe
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| Russia | Reinsurance Treaty in 1887 was between Germany and what power
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| William II | came to the throne in Germany in 1888; he was twenty-nine, ambitious and impetuous; imperious by temperment and believed in divine right monarchy
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| William II | filled with a sense of Germany's destiny as the leading power of Europe; a nephew of Queen Victoria of England
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| Bismarck | "fired" by William II over a disagreement on "domestic policy"
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| Schlieffen Plan | called for a huge German wheeling force that would cut through Belgium, slice into France and trap French forces; failed
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| First battle of the Marne | crucial French victory which blunted the success of the Schlieffen Plan
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| First battle of the Marne | Germans fall back, France is saved
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| Verdun | Western Front beginning in February of 1916
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| Verdun | for five months the Germans kept a continuous attack which cost them 500,000 dead and the French 600,000
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| Verdun | the real purpose was that the Germans wanted to bleed the French in the "war of attrition"
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| Tannenburg | Eastern Front
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| Tannenburg | Germans drove Russian forces back from East Prussia
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| Tannenburg | Germany took 100,000 prisoners and the Russian commander, Samsonov, committed suicide
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| Caporetto | Italian front in late autumn 1917
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| Caporetto | Germans and Austrians break through sending the Italians into retreat across the Venetian plains
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| Caporetto | 300,000 Italians were killed or taken prisoner; eventually with British and French help, the Italians held at the Po River line
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| Battle of the Somme | General Haig attempted to advance on a 15-mile front; British losses are 60,000 on the first day; ends with British losses at 607,000 and German losses between 4000,000 and 5000,000
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| Battle of the Somme | first use of tanks by the British; little if any ground changes hands
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| Lusitania | sinking of vessel in May 1915 caused the deaths of 118 Americans forcing a strong American protest
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| Lusitania | partly responsible for a turn in American public opinion which many felt guaranteed war eventually against Germany
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| unrestricted submarine warfare | German strategy attempted to use submarines to break the British blockade
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| unrestricted submarine warfare | the sinking of ships-even of neutrals-without warning
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| unrestricted submarine warfare | U.S. demanded that the Germans stop this-and they pledged-in the Sussex Pledge to do so; when they violated the Sussez Pledge by resuming this, the U.S. delcared war
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| Black Hand | political terrorist organization- formally known as "Union or Death"; Gavrilo Princip was a member
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| Black Hand | planned the assassination of the Archduke in Sarajevo because they were angry about Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina
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| Helmuth von Moltke | responsible for the execution of the German plan to march through Belgium
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| Helmuth von Moltke | nephew of Bismark's most effective general; added divisions to the left wing of the swinging door and even weakened the Russian front
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| Erich Ludendorff | junior German officer at the time, under Hindenburg's command
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| Erich Ludendorff | destroyed or captured an entire Russian army at the Battle of Tannenberg and defeated another one at the Masurian Lakes
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| Winston Churchill | first lord of the British admiralty
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| Winston Churchill | proposed to attack the Dardanelles and capture Constantinople; campaign failed miserably costing almost 150,000 causualties
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| Fourteen Points | declared by President Wilson, stated America's war aims- they were idealistic primciples, including self-determination for nationalities; open diplomacy; freedom of the seas; disarmament; and the establishment of the League of Nations
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| mandates | territories legally administered under the auspices of the League of Nations, but in effect were ruled as colonies
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| Kemal Ataturk | "Father of the Turks"
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| Kemal Ataturk | drove the Greeks out of Anatolia and compelled the victorious powers to make a new arrangment sealed by the treaty of Lausanne
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| Kemal Ataturk | abolished the Ottoman sultanate and deposted the last caliph
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| reparations | requirement incorporated into the Versailles Treaty that Germany should pay for the cost of the war
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| Economic Consequences of the Peace | scathing attack on reparations and other economic aspects of the peace; written by John Maynard Keynes, British economist, it argued that the Treaty was immoral and unworkable
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| March Revolution | as a result of bread riots and strikes, the Duma persuaded the Czar to abdicate, then formed a new provisional government
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| March Revolution | the "first" revolution in Russia in 1917
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| Bolsheviks | seized power in a coup in the "second" revolution of 1917
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| Leon Trotsky | Lenin's chief collaborator
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| Leon Trotsky | led the Petrograd Soviet and organized the coup that took place to oust the provisional government
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| April thesis | developed by Lenin when he returned to Russia from Switzerland which called for all political power to go to the soviets; wanted to create an alliance among workers and peasants
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| Alexander Kerensky | began as minister of justice, then became minister of war- finally becoming prime minister of the provisional government in the summer of 1917
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| Alexander Kerensky | led the government which was ousted in the second revolution of 1917
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| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | harsh treaty that got Russia out of the war
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| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | between Germany and Russia- cost Russia 33% of its population, 80% of its iron, and 90% of its coal
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| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Russia lost Poland, the Baltic states, and the Ukraine-and paid a large war indemnity
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| Reds and Whites | civil war in Russia 1918-1921 was between these two forces
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