Urinary Syst. Ch. 17
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| Functions of the kidneys include? | 1. Removal of nitrogenous waste from blood
2. Maintain blood volume and electrolyte balance.
3. Maintain pH balance of blood
4. Production of renin (regulate BP)
5. Production of erythropoietin (RBC formation)
6. Conversion of Vit D into Calciferol
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| Nitrogenous wastes include? | 1. Urea
2. Uric Acid
3. Creatinine
4. Ammonia(NH3)
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| Name the 7 electrolytes? | 1. Sodium
2. Potassium
3. Chloride
4. Calcium
5. Phosphate
6. Magnesium
7. Sulfate
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| How much sodium do healthy adults need to take in daily? | 2300 mg
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| How do the kidneys maintain pH balance in the blood? | By the interaction of carbonic acid and bicarbonate
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| What does renin do? | Regulates BP
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| What is the role of erythropoietin? | Aids in erythrocyte (RBC) formation
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| What is Calciferol? | Active form of Vitamin D
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| Where are the kidneys located? | Retroperitoneal(flank)region
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| Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney? | Due to the large area occupied by the liver
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| The kidney is the size of what? | A fist
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| The name of the outer covering of each kidney is? | Renal Capsule
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| The outermost layer of the kidney is called? | Renal Cortex
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| The Renal Medulla is? | The middle layer of the kidney
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| What is Renal Fascia? | Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue that anchors each kidney to surrounding structures and the abdominal wall
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| The connective tissue that binds muscles and organs is known as? | Fascia
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| What are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder known as? | Ureters
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| Where does each ureter connect to the kidney? | Renal Pelvis
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| The calices (calyx) are what? | Funnel shaped structures that make up the renal pelvis
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| What are nephrons? | Kidney cells
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| Approximately how many nephrons does each kidney have? | 1,000,000
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| The blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood to be filtered by the kidneys are called? | Right and Left Renal Arteries
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| The blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys are known as? | Right and Left Renal Veins
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| Approximately how much blood passes through the kidneys each minute? | 1200 mL
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| What is urine? | Fluid that the kidneys ultimately eliminate from the body
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| Normal urine holds what characteristics? | 1. Clear or Yellow
2. Clean (free from pathogens)
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| A routine lab test performed on urine is called? | Urinalysis
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| What is the rate of normal urine production? | 56 mL/hour
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| How is urine transported from each renal pelvis to the urinary bladder? | Peristalsis
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| What is the urinary bladder? | A hollow muscular organ located posterior to the pubic symphysis
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| What is the pubic symphysis? | The interpubic joint of the pelvis
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| What is the average capacity of the urinary bladder? | 700-800 mL
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| Stretch receptors in the bladder wall will transmit nerve impulses to the lower portion of the spinal cord when the urine reaches what level? | 200-400 mL
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| The nerve impulses which tell you the urinary bladder is getting full initiates the conscious desire to? | Urinate(micturition) or Void(micturate)
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| What are the internal and external urinary(urethral) sphincters? | The sphincters which control the flow of urine
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| The inability to control the urinary(urethral) sphincters is called? | Enuresis or Urinary Incontinence
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| What is the Urethra? | The tube(vessel)that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of your body
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| The opening of the urethra to the outside of your body is known as? | Meatus(orifice or os)
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| How long is the urethra in females? | Approximately 1.5 inches long
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| Where is the urinary meatus located in females? | Between the clitoris and vaginal orifice
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| In males, the urethra is approximately how long? | 8 inches long
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| Where is the urinary meatus located in males? | The distal portion of the glans penis
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| In males, the urethra carries which 3 things? | 1. Urine
2. Spermatozoa
3. Semen
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| What is another name for the reproductive and urinary systems? | Genitourinary (GU) System
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| Name the 3 blood tests commonly used to detect Nitrogenous waste? | 1. BUN(blood urea nitrogen)
2. Creatinine clearance(Cc)
3. Cystatin C(Cys C)
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| IVP is the abbreviation for what diagnostic test? | Intravenous pyelogram
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| What is an IVP? | X-ray of the renal pelves after injection of an IV radiopaque dye
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| What is the name for a condition of blood in the urine? | Hematuria
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| What is Pyuria? | A condition of pus in the urine
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| What is the name for a conditon of bacteria in the urine(infection)? | Bacteriuria
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| What is glycosuria? | A conditon of sugar(glucose)in the urine(DM)
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| What is known as a condition of Ketones(acetone) in the urine(fat metabolism)? | Ketonuria
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| What is Albuminuria? | A condition of albumin(blood protein)in the urine
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| What is the process called which artificially removes toxins from the blood? | Hemodialysis(HD)
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| Specifically, what purpose does hemodialysis serve? | Removes nitrogenous waste and excess electrolytes from the blood because the kidneys are unable to do so
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| How often is hemodialysis performed? | Commonly 3 times a week for around 4 hrs per treatment
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| Describe Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis(CAPD)? | A diffusate(hypotonic solution)is placed into the peritoneal(abdominal)cavity through a surgically placed catheter and filtered throughought the abdominal cavity to pull out the toxins for removal/drainage
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| CAPD is performed how frequently? | 4 times a day for around 30mins per treatment
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| What is the chemical abbreviation for ammonia? | NH3
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| Identify the electrolyte with the chemical abbreviation Na? | Sodium
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| What is the chemical abbreviation that indicates Potassium? | K
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| Name the electrolyte represented by Cl? | Chloride
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| What chemical abbreviation signifies Calcium? | Ca
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| What is PO4? | Phosphate
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| The symbol Mg stands for? | Magnesium
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| What is the symbol for Sulfate? | SO4
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| What is H2CO3? | Carbonic acid
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| What is HCO3? | Bicarbonate
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