AP2 ST120 Lecture over the blood
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| Blood | Viscous transport medium that is carried away from the heart by arteries and back to the heart by veins
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| Color of blood when it's oxygenated | Bright red
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| Color of blood when its deoxygenated | Dark red
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| Functions of blood | Suppply O2 to body, Removal CO2, Temp regulation, Water balance, Transport nutrients, Removal of wastes, Wound healing
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| Blood is made of two parts | Cells and Plasma
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| Cellular elements of blood | RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets (aka Thrombocytes)
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| Erythrocytes | RBCs. Transport O2 from the lungs to the tissues, Transport CO2
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| Leukocytes | WBCs. Protects the body against infection and ds
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| Thrombocytes | Platelets. Important for blood coagulation, Necessary for controlling hemorrhaging
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| Plasma | Straw colored fld part of blood. 60% of total blood. Made of 92% water and rest P
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| Proteins in Plasma | Albumin, Fibrinogen, Alpha/Beta/Gamma Globulins
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| Nonproteins Nitrogens (NPNs) in Plasma | Urea, Uric acid, Creatine, Creatinine, Ammonium salts, and Amino Acids
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| Organic substances in Plasma | Glucose, Lipids, Enzymes, Amino Acids, Cholesterol, Hormones, & Clotting Factors in organic chemicals
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| Major gases in Plasma | O2 and CO2
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| Two main types of Leucocytes | Granular and Nongranular
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| Three types of Granular Leucocytes | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
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| Neutrophils | Ingest and destroy bacteria through phagocytosis
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| Eosinophils | Become active in the presence of allergies and certain infections. Use phagocytosis
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| Basophils | Secrete heparin (an anticoagulant) and histamine (an inflammation stimulant and vasodilator) in R/T chronic inflammation and d healing from an infection
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| Two kinds of nongranular leukocytes | Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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| Monocytes | Use phagocytosis to ingest foreign substances to help prevent infection
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| Normal blood count for platelets | 250k - 450k per cubic mm of blood
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| How do Thrombocytes work | When a BV is damaged, platelets flow over the torn edges which stimulates the platelets to disintegrate and release various clotting agents that lead to formation of Thromboplastin, which causes coagulation.
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| How do Platelets inhibit additional blood loss from a damaged BV | Platelets also release a substance that causes vasoconstriction to decrease the amt of blood that flows through the area
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| Where do blood cells originate from | Pluripotent cells - stems cells in Red Bone Marrow
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| Two types of stems cells from Pluripotent cells | Lymphoid and Myeloid
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| Agglutinogen | Blood protein chemical molecule markers on the surface of the RBC
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| Agglutinin | Antibody. Protein present in blood Plasma. These antibodies are the opposite of what blood type the person is. Ex. Prsn with Type A blood has B antibodies.
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| Type O blood contains what antibodies | Both A and B Antibodies. That's why it's the Universal Donor
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| Type AB blood contains what antibodies | Contains no antibodies. That's why it's the Universal Recipient
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| Rh factor | A protein originally found in a Rhesus monkey
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| Rh+ | Presence of the protein in the blood, meaning there is a positive factor
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| Rh- | No present of the protein in the blood, meaning there are no factors
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| Why is it important for a pregnant woman to know if she's Rh+ or Rh- | Bc if she is Rh- and the baby is Rh+, her body could react to the protein and make antibodies that attack the baby's blood, causing anemia and possibly fetal death
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| If the mom is Rh- how can the baby be Rh+ | Inherited it from the dad
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| If the mom is Rh+ and the baby is Rh- | There will be no problem, since the body mounts an immune response only if it detects a "foreign" factor. The Rh- negative baby has no factors to trigger the mother's antibody response.
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| Hemostasis | Arrest of blood that escapes from a BV by either natural or artificial means
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| Artificial Hemostasis | In surgery, through the use of hemostatic agents or suture ligatures and use of thermal cautery or laser
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| Natural Hemostasis depends on | Certain mechanisms and on the ability of the blood to clot
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| Whole blood transfusion | Pt has lost a lg amt of blood
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| Components of Whole Blood | RBC, WBCs, Platelets, Immunoglobulins, Fresh frozen plasma
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| Reason why RBCs are used in whole-blood transfusions | Restoration of blood's ability to transport O2
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| Reason why WBCs are used in whole-blood transfusions | Restore WBCs lost in infections
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| Reason why Platelets are used in whole-blood transfusions | Pts with blood-clotting disorders
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| Reason why Immunoglobulins are used in whole-blood transfusions | To build immunity when antibody levels are low
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| Reason why Fresh Frozen Plasma is used in whole-blood transfusions | To help with blood clotting, often transfused in pts with liver fx
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| Analogous transfusion | Pt donates their own blood for their blood transfusion during procedures
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| Blood salvage AKA Intraoperative Blood Collection | Used d an operation that is expected to involve lg blood loss. The team recovers the pt's blood and reinfuses it d surgery
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| Two methods of Blood Salvaging | Washed and Unwashed methods
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| Washed Method | Using a high-speed centrifuge to separate the blood into its components. It takes the RBCs and washes them in saline solution, pumps it into an infusion bag to return back to pt
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| Unwashed Method | Doesn't use a centrifuge. Collects blood into a filtering reservoir. After filtering, unwashed blood is transferred into a bag to return back to pt
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| Hemorrhagic Anemia | Hemorrhage C/B trauma or internal bleeding which results in anemia
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| Aplastic Anemia | Lack of production of RBCs
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| Pernicious Anemia | C/B lack of intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach. The intrinsic factor is important for Vit B12 absorption in the small intestines.
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| Polycythemia | Clonal stem cell disorder that results in the abnormal increase in the number of circulating RBCs (I.E. too many RBCs makes the blood thick)
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