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| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds skeletal muscle
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| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium
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| Perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi
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| Four major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle | Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity
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| Muscle cells | muscle fibers
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| Bundle of muscles | muscle fasiciuli
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| Myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments
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| Myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| Sarcomeres | actin and myosin myofilaments highly ordered units and are joined from end to end to form the myofilfibril
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| Resting membrane potential | the charge difference between the positively charge outside of most cell membranes and the negatively charged inside of most cell membranes
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| Action potential | when a muscle cell is stimulated the charge of the cell is briefly reversed
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| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry sction motentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Neuromusclular junction or synapse | axons that enter the muscles and branch that connects the muscles near the center of the cell
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| Motor unit | a single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| Presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| Synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| Synaptic vesicles | secretes a neurotransmitter called acetycholine
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| Acetycholine | a neurotransmittter secreted from the synaptic vesicles
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| Acetylcholinesterase | the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by enzymes
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| Sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| Muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| Threshold | a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until a stimulus reaches this level
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| Lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| Contraction phase | the time of contraction
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| Relaxation phase | the time during which the muscle relaxes
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| Tetany | where a muscle remains contracted without relax
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| Recruitment | an increase in the number of motor units being activated
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| Creatine phosphate | a high energy molecule that can be stored unlike ATP
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| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| Oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate in muscle cells
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| Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| Isometric | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| two types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic
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| Isotonic | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| Muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly. well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism
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| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. better for aerobic metabolism
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| Origin | the most stationary end of a muscle
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| Insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| Belly | the portion of the muscle in between the origin and the insertion
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| Synergists | muscles the work together to accomplish specific movements
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| Anatagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| Thoracic Muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing
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| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| Triceps brachi | extends the forearm
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| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| Brachialis | flexes forearm
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| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| Retinaculum | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction.
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| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| Gluteus maximus | buttocks. Contributes most of the mass of the buttocks
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| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| Sartorius | flexes the thigh
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| Hamstring | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| Gastrocnemius and soleus | forms the calf muscle
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| calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) | flexs the foot and toes
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| Peroneus | the lateral muscles of the leg
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| Intrinsic foot muscles | 20 muscles in the foot that flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes
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