Micro ch5 Microbial Metabolism (GLYCOLYSIS & KREBS)
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| Collection of controlled biochemical reactions | Metabloism
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| Cells must accomplish these two fundamental tasks to reproduce | Harvest energy, biosynthesis of new components
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| Processes that occur as a sequene of chemical reactions | Metabolic pathways
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| Starting compound (substrate) can be converted into... | End products, or intermediate molecules
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| Intermediates and end products can be used as | precursor metabolites
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| Metabolic pathway that synthesizes larger molecules requiring energy | anabolic
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| Metabolic pathway that breaks larger molecules into smaller products, releasing energy | catabolic
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| The capacity to do work | Energy
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| Stored energy as bonds between atoms | potential
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| energy in motion, DOING work | Kinetic
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| Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be... | converted from one form to another
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| Energy released from bonds | free energy
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| Reactants have more free energy than products (released energy) | Exergonic
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| Reactants have less free energy than products (took in energy) | Endergonic
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| phosphate added to substrate | Phosphorylation
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| Phosphorylation that uses chemcial energy | Substrate level
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| Phosphorylation that uses energy from proton motive force | Oxidative
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| Phosphorylation that uses the sun's energy | photophosphorylation
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| Three important electron carriers (before reduction) | NAD+, NADP+, FAD
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| Converts molecule into isomers of the molecule | Isomerase
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| Uses water in a catabolic reaction | Hydrolase
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| Anabolic reactions that create polymers | polymerases
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| Moving electrons without catabolizing or anabolizing | Oxidoreductases
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| Enzyme that can move a functional group from one molecule to another | Transferase
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| Catabolic enzyme that does not require water | lyases (just think Lyse-ase, for breakup-enzyme)
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| Anabolic reactions that link up molecules | Ligases (LI for ligase or link)
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| Three parts of enzyme that make up a holoenzyme | Cofactor (inorganic), Coenzyme (organic), Apoenzyme (protein)
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| The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme to form an... | enzyme/substrate complex
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| Term that means the clamping down, or binding, of a substrate onto an enzyme that changes its shape | induced fit
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| things that can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions | Temp, pH, enzyme/substrate concentration, presence of inhibitors
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| Substance that blocks an enzyme's active site, preventing a substrate from using the site without denaturing enzymes | Competitive inhibitor
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| Substance that can bind to an enzyme other than the active site, changing the shape of the active site that may make it active or inactive | Allosteric inhibitor or activator
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| Inhibition where a high level of product causes product to act as allosteric inhibitor in its own primary enzyme, thereby preventing more production of that product | feedback inhibition, a noncompetitive inhibition
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| Glucose is the most common carbohydrate catabolized for energy in either of these two processes | Cellular respiration and fermentation, both initiated by glycolysis
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| another name for glycolysis | Embden Meyerhoff Pathway
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| Where does glycolysis occur | in the cytoplasm of most cells
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| What happens in glycolysis? | a 6-C sugar is split into 2 3-C sugar molecules called pyruvate
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| What is the relationship between dihydroxyacetone Phosphate and Glyceraldehyde 3-Phpsphate | They are isomers, and the DHAP will become the G3P, so they both will behave the same for the remainder of the glycolysis process
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| Name the two major classes or metabolic reaction | Catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (biosynthesis)
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| an electron acceptor is said to be... | reduced. It accepted an electron, with has a negative charge, therefore it reduced it's charge
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| An electron donor is said to be... | Oxidized.
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| What are the three ways a chemical can be oxidized? | Loss of an electron, loss of a hydrogen atom, gain of an oxygen atom
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| Phosphorylation where phosphate from one organic compound is transfered to ADP | Substrate level
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| Phosphorylation where energy from redox reactions attach inorganic phosphate to ADP | Oxidative
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| Phosphorylation where light energy adds inorganic phosphate to ADP | PHOTOphosphorylation
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| Organic catalysts | Enzymes
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| An enzyme's substrate is... | the molecule which that enzyme works upon
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| what does a hydrolase do? | add water molecules in decomposition process of hydrolysis (catabolic)
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| what does isomerase do? | rearrange atoms in a molecule without adding or removing anything (neither anabolic nor catabolic)
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| What do ligases and polymerases do? | join two molecules together (anabolic)
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| What dos lyase do? | split large molecules (catabolic)
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| What does Oxidoreductase do? | Remove/oxidize and add/reduce electrons to substrates. (anabolic and catabolic)
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| What does transferase do? | transfer functional groups from one molecule to another (neither anabolic nor catabolic)
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| In what way do enzymes alter activation energy? | They lower the activation energy necessary to trigger a chemical reaction. If the activation energy requirement remained high, it would cook the cell (heat=energy)
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| What is the induced-fit model of enzymes? | A description of enzyme-substrate specificity referring to the change of shape when bound, as if the "lock" had grasped the "key"
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| What type of inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, changing the shape of an enzyme so that it cannot work on its substrate? | Noncompetitive inhibitor, because it isn't competing for the same active site
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| What type of noncompetitive inhibitor might change an enzyme's substrate? | excitatory. When the inhibitor binds to the alosteric site, it changes the enzyme in such a way that the active site's shape now works for a different enzyme.
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| What type of noncompetitive inhibitor was once an end-product of the reaction specific to its own enzyme/substrate reaction? | Feedback inhibition, also negative feedback, or end-product inhibition
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| When glucose is catabolized via cellular respiration, what are the end products? | CO2 and H2O
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| When glucose is catabolized via fermentation, what are the end products? | organic waste
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| What are the products of the lysis stage of glycolysis? | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
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| In glycolysis, a phosphate molecule is transfered from the PEP to the ADP forming ATP. What is this direct transfer called? | Substrate-level phosphorylation
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| What is the net energy yield of glycolysis? | 2 ATP and 2 NADH
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| After glucose has been oxidized, the cell uses the resultant pyruvic acid molecules to complete either... | cellular respiration or fermentation
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| This is a metabolic process that involves the complete oxidation of substrate molecules and the production of ATP by a series of redox reactions. | Cellular Respiration
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| What happens in the Transition, or Acetyl-CoA stage? | Acetyl-CoA is synthesized by the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid. This produces one CO2 and one NADH.
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| Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes: cytosol. Eukaryotes: Mitochondrial matrix
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| 2 other names for the Krebs Cycle | tricarboxylic acid cycle, citric acid cycle
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| In an organism where the final electron acceptor of the ETC is O2, which combines to generate H2o, these organisms are called... | Aerobes, conducting aerobic respiration
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| What is the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration? | Some inorganic molecule other than O2, like sulfide gas, Nitrogen, or methane.
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| Term for the use of ion gradients to generate ATP, ie, ATP is synthesized using energy released by flow of ions down electrochemical gradient across a membrane | Chemiosmosis
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