The Nervous System
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| Nerve cells are AKA | neurons
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| The axon is the portion of a neuron that | carries impulses from one neuron to the next
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| The axon is surrounded by a protective lipoprotein called | myelin sheaths
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| The myelin sheaths allow nerve impulses to travel at | 200 miles/second
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| Unmyelinated nerve impulses travel at | 0.5 meter/second
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| A degenerative nerve disease caused by a degradation of the myelin sheaths is called | multiple sclerosis (MS).
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| CNS stands for | central nervous system
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| The CNS is made up of the | brain and spinal cord
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| The brain contains | 100,000,000,000 neurons.
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| The PNS stands for | peripheral nervous system
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| The PNS is made up of | all the nerves except the brain and spinal cord
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| The PNS is made up of | Sensory neurons AKA
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| The PNS is made up of | Motor neurons AKA
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| Sensory neurons AKA | afferent neurons.
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| Motor neurons AKA | efferent neurons
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| Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit changes in the environment to the brain for | interpretation
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| Changes in the environment are called | stimuli.
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| Motor (efferent) neurons transmit commands from the brain to the | muscles to facilitate movement
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| Smooth voluntary muscle movements are greatly influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter | dopamine.
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| A disease caused by a deficiency of dopamine is called | Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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| The ANS stands for | autonomic nervous system.
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| The ANS is considered | involuntary (reflex).
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| These reflexes include: | coughing, choking, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
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| The ANS is subdivided into the | Sympathetic division AKA
“fight or flight reactions.”
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| The sympathetic division uses a neurotransmitter (chemical) called | norepinephrine (NE) to transmit impulses.
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| The ANS is subdivided into the | The parasympathetic division.
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| The parasympathetic division uses a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine (Ach) to transmit impulses.
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| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations (“rest and digest”) and includes: | Digestive processes
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| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations (“rest and digest”) and includes: | Reproductive processes
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| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations (“rest and digest”) and includes: | Eupnea
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| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations (“rest and digest”) and includes: | . Normal heart rate (HR).
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| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (“fight or flight”) response are: | Tachycardia.
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| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (“fight or flight”) response are: | Tachypnea
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| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (“fight or flight”) response are: | Bronchodilation.
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| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (“fight or flight”) response are: | Pupillary dilation
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| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (“fight or flight”) response are: | Pallor
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| Pallor due to | shunting of blood from the periphery to the large muscles of the arms and legs, brain, heart, and lungs.
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| The largest part of the brain is called the | cerebrum
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| The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the | cerebral cortex
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| The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves called | hemispheres
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| These hemispheres are connected and communicate by the | corpus callosum
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| Sections of the brain are called | lobes
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| The frontal lobe controls: | Voluntary muscle function
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| The frontal lobe controls: | Moods
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| The frontal lobe controls: | Aggression
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| The frontal lobe controls: | Smell reception (olfactory).
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| The frontal lobe controls: | Motivation
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| The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as: | Touch
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| The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as: | Pain
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| The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as: | Balance
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| The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as: | Taste
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| The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as: | Temperature
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| The temporal lobes evaluate: | Hearing input
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| The temporal lobes evaluate: | Smell
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| The temporal lobes evaluate: | Memory
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| The temporal lobes evaluate: | Judgment
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| The occipital lobe functions in receiving and interpreting | visual input
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| Depression, migraines, anxiety, appetite, sexuality, and bipolar disorder are influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter | serotonin
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| The second largest portion of the brain is called the | cerebellum
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| The cerebellum is located at the | posterior base of the brain
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| The cerebellum functions as a reflex center for | coordination and balance
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| The brain stem consists of the: | Medulla oblongata
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| The brain stem consists of the: | Pons Varolii
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| The brain stem consists of the: | Midbrain
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| The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling: | Consciousness and arousal
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| The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling: | Regulation of diameter of blood vessels (BP).
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| The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling: | Heart rate (HR).
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| The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling: | Ventilation (breathing).
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| The midbrain acts as the connection between the | cerebrum and the spinal cord
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| The thalamus is the | principal relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex
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| The hypothalamus controls | The pituitary gland
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| The hypothalamus controls | Feelings of rage and aggression
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| The hypothalamus controls | Body temperature
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| The hypothalamus controls | Thirst
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| The hypothalamus controls | Sleep
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| The hypothalamus controls | Food intake (satiation).
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| The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the | medulla oblongata
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| The length of the spinal cord is approximately | 16 -18 inches
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| The function of the spinal cord is to | Convey sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain.
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| The function of the spinal cord is to | Conduct motor impulses from the brain to the periphery.
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| Branching off the spinal cord are the | 31 paired spinal nerves
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| Most spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between the | adjacent vertebrae
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| Spinal nerves consist of: | 8 cervical pairs.
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| Spinal nerves consist of: |
12 thoracic pairs
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| Spinal nerves consist of: | 5 lumbar pairs
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| Spinal nerves consist of: | 5 sacral pairs.
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| Spinal nerves consist of: | 1 coccygeal pair.
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| The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes called | meninges.
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| The outermost meninx is called the | dura mater (tough mother).
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| The middle meninx is called the | arachnoid membrane (spider layer).
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| The innermost meninx is called the | pia mater (delicate mother).
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| Between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane is the | subdural space
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| The subdural space contains | serous fluid
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| Between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater is the | subarachnoid space
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| The subarachnoid space contains | CSF (cerebrospinal fluid).
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| CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord through cavities called | ventricles
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| The CSF serves as a | shock absorber and circulates nutrients.
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| The white (opaque) portion of each eye is called the | sclera
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| The transparent anterior portion of each sclera is called the | cornea
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| The colored portion of each eye is called the | iris
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| The highly vascular layer of each eye is called the | choroid.
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| The os in the center of each iris is called a | pupil.
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| A pupil that decreases in size is called | pupillary constriction
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| A pupil that increases in size is called | pupillary dilation
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| The crystalline structure located posterior to each pupil that focuses (accommodates) light on a retina is called the | crystalline lens
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| The function of the retinae are to | perceives light.
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| Each retina is made up of visual receptor cells called | rods and cones
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| Each retina is an extension of an | optic nerve
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| The optic nerves transmit visual impulses to the | thalamus.
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| The thalamus relays these impulses to the | occipital lobe for interpretation
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| The anterior compartment of each eye is filled with liquid called the | aqueous humor
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| The posterior compartment of each eye is filled with liquid called the | vitreous humor
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| The external cartilagenous flap of each ear is called a | pinna AKA the
auricle.
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| The tube leading from each pinna (auricle) to a tympanic membrane is called the | external auditory canal.
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| A tympanic membrane is AKA | “eardrum
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| Each external auditory canal is lined with modified sebaceous glands that produce | cerumen AKA
“earwax.”
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| Each middle ear is made up of three auditory ossicles (bones) called the: | Malleus (hammer).
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| Each middle ear is made up of three auditory ossicles (bones) called the: | . Incus (anvil).
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| Each middle ear is made up of three auditory ossicles (bones) called the: | Stapes (stirrup).
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| The tubes that connect the middle ears to the pharynx for pressure equalization are called the | Eustachian tubes
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| The structure in each inner ear that is responsible for perceiving sound vibrations and conducting these vibrations to the auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve is called the | cochlea
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| The connection between a stapes and a cochlea is called the | oval window
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| The structure in each inner ear which aids in balance (equilibrium) is called the | labyrinth.
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| Each labyrinth is made up of the | vestibule and semicircular canals
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