Bio 201 Review 1
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| What are the major 4 elements in the body? | Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen
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| What percent of the body is Oxygen? | 65
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| What percent of the body is Nitrogen? | 10.5
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| What percent of the body is Carbon? | 45
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| What percent of the body is Hydrogen? | 9.5
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| Protons are equal to what? | atomic weight
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| What else are protons equal to? | Neutrons
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| What is a half life? | Amount of time it takes any given substance to divide its mass in half
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| What is an ionic bond? | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion.
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| What is a covalent bond? | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion.
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| What is stronger than a covalent bond? | Sodium
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| What is polarity? | Electric negativity
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| Which of these bonds are polar? | C-Br
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| WHich of these are nonpolar? | C-C; C-H
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| What does it mean if it polar? | Dissolves in water
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| What is hydrophilic? | Soluble in water
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| What is hydrophobic? | Wont dissolve in water
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| Antiphatic | Any molecule characteristic that is both hydrophobic and hydrophillic
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| Dehydration synthesis | Makes things
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| Glucose | Broken down glucagon for later use for energy
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| Hydrolysis | Breaks things down
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| What does the body use for main energy? | Glucose; ATP
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| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine trphosphate
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| What does ATP do? | Keeps the cell moving and gives it power
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| What is collagen? | Most abundant protein in the body.
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| What is the plasma membrane? | Phospholipid bilayer; has polar heads and non polar tails
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| What is fat soluble? | dissolves in fat
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| Are steriods fat based? | Yes
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| what does the nucleus do? | control center of the brain
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| What is transcription? | process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA.
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| What is translation? | process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)
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| What is central dogma? | The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid.
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| Where are ribosomes located? | Cytosol and Rough ER
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| What is the start codon for RNA | AUG
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| What does tRNA do? | Transfers amino acids
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| What are the RNA stop codons? | UAA; UAG; UGA
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| Can cells be huge? | Nope. Surface area is related to volume
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| What is the cytoskeleton? | Holds this together
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| What is the function of the smooth ER? | Detoxification
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| Where are lysosomes and peroxisomes located? | Smooth Er
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| What is phagocytosis? | Eats cells
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| What do peroxisomes do? | Digest perxiode
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| What do lysosomes do? | Eats worn out organelles
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| What does the Golgi Apparatus do? | Stores things in vesicles; ships them out
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| Do we carry eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | eukaryotic
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| Do prokaryotics have a nucleus? | Nope.
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| What does the mitochondria do? | Produces ATP
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| Does the mitochondria have its own DNA sequence? | Yes.
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| Are plants eukaryotes? | Yes.
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| Does chloroplast have its own DNA? | Yes
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| What makes a nucleotide? | Sugar, adenosine, phosphate
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| What are the nitrogenous bases that makes up the DNA sequence? | ATCG
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| Is Uracil used in DNA? | No, RNA
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| What is diffusion? | is the process of passively(without loss of energy) movement of any substance from higher concentration to the lower concentration of that substance.
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| What is simple diffusion? | is the net movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration so its simple diffusion does not require energy therefore it is 'passive', substances are diffused across the membrane between the phospholipids.
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| What is facilitated diffusion? | Uses protein for high to low
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| What is a concentration gradient? | A concentration gradient is when there is an uneven distribution of a substance across a border.
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| Does active transport require energy? | Yes.
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| What is cilia? | Moves and circulates things
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| What is the importance of mucus? | Traps parrticles
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| What is endocytosis? | entering the cell
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| What is exocytosis? | Exiting the cell
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| What is Transcytosis? | Both endocytosis and exocytosis
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| What does Adenosine match up with? | Thymine
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| What does cytosine match up with? | Guanine
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| In RNA, what does Adenosine match up with? | Uracil
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| What are the different RNA's? | tRNA,smRNA, mRNA
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| Where does transcription occur? | Nucleus
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| What is helicase? | DNA polymearse
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| Where does translation occur? | Ribosomes
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| What is Gyrase? | RNA polymearse
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| What brings an amino acid into the ribosome? | tRNA
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| What contains the genetic code? | mRNA
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| What is a codon? | A sequence of three nucleotide which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
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| What brings the anti codon? | tRNA
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| What is an anti codon? | A sequence of three nucleic acid bases on transfer RNA molecules which recognizes and binds to three corresponding bases (called a codon) of messenger RNA.
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| What is an Allele? | One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
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| What is an dominant allele? | an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different
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| What is a recessive allele? | an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different.an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical.
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| What is an structures nucleotide? | Base nitrogen, bonded to carbon, sugar ribose, phosphate.
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| What is a dominant, heterogeneous? | Aa
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| What is a dominant, homogeneous? | AA
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| What is a recessive, homogeneous? | aa
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| What is polygentic inheritance? | when a single trait is controlled by 2 or more sets of alleles
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| What is pleiotropy? | The production by a single gene of two or more unrelated effects.
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| What is a phenotype? | The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
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| What is Semi-conservative replication? | replicates the entire genome
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| What is a lagging strand? | Happens in chunks
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| What is a chromosome? | A threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order. Also it is known as tightly wound DNA.
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| What is a chromatid? | A chromatid is one half of a chromosome at a stage of the cell cycle when the chromosome contains two molecules of DNA.
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| What part of the cell cycle do you see the chromosome? | Metaphase
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| What happens in G2? | Its prepares to split
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| What happens in the S phase? | .The cell's DNA replicates, ensuring that future cells obtain similar copies of its hereditary material, and proteins associated with DNA are produced during this phase.
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| What is the difference between a nitrogen of base and a nucloetide? | Nitrogen is just a base, holds DNA together
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| What is the sequence of phases? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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| What is the penetrance of the phenotype of the population? | Everyone may ave the phenotype but not everyone shows it
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| What is Pituitary dwarfism? | Not enough growth hormone
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| What is Achondrcdroplasic dwarfism? | Axial skeleton grows but not the appendicular.
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| What is huntington's disease? | Develops in adulthood and ends in dementia
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| What is Tay-Sachs? | Genetic blood disease, jewish decent
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| What is hemophilia? | Sex-linked; in ability to clot blood
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| What are sex linked traits? | Sex-linked traits are genes that are on either the X or Y chromosomes.
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| Which sex is more likely to get a sex link trait? | Males due to the XY
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| What is a diploid? | Inherits two sets of chromosome
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| What is a haploid? | Has only one set chromosome
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| What is an example of a haploid? | Bacteria
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| What is a monomer? | Simple carb
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| What is a polymer? | Complex carb
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| Is a sacchrid a monomer or polymer? | Monomer
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| What are functional groups? | atoms found within molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions characteristic of those molecules.
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