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Bio 201 Review 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major 4 elements in the body? | Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen |
| What percent of the body is Oxygen? | 65 |
| What percent of the body is Nitrogen? | 10.5 |
| What percent of the body is Carbon? | 45 |
| What percent of the body is Hydrogen? | 9.5 |
| Protons are equal to what? | atomic weight |
| What else are protons equal to? | Neutrons |
| What is a half life? | Amount of time it takes any given substance to divide its mass in half |
| What is an ionic bond? | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion. |
| What is a covalent bond? | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion. |
| What is stronger than a covalent bond? | Sodium |
| What is polarity? | Electric negativity |
| Which of these bonds are polar? | C-Br |
| WHich of these are nonpolar? | C-C; C-H |
| What does it mean if it polar? | Dissolves in water |
| What is hydrophilic? | Soluble in water |
| What is hydrophobic? | Wont dissolve in water |
| Antiphatic | Any molecule characteristic that is both hydrophobic and hydrophillic |
| Dehydration synthesis | Makes things |
| Glucose | Broken down glucagon for later use for energy |
| Hydrolysis | Breaks things down |
| What does the body use for main energy? | Glucose; ATP |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine trphosphate |
| What does ATP do? | Keeps the cell moving and gives it power |
| What is collagen? | Most abundant protein in the body. |
| What is the plasma membrane? | Phospholipid bilayer; has polar heads and non polar tails |
| What is fat soluble? | dissolves in fat |
| Are steriods fat based? | Yes |
| what does the nucleus do? | control center of the brain |
| What is transcription? | process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA. |
| What is translation? | process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| What is central dogma? | The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. |
| Where are ribosomes located? | Cytosol and Rough ER |
| What is the start codon for RNA | AUG |
| What does tRNA do? | Transfers amino acids |
| What are the RNA stop codons? | UAA; UAG; UGA |
| Can cells be huge? | Nope. Surface area is related to volume |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | Holds this together |
| What is the function of the smooth ER? | Detoxification |
| Where are lysosomes and peroxisomes located? | Smooth Er |
| What is phagocytosis? | Eats cells |
| What do peroxisomes do? | Digest perxiode |
| What do lysosomes do? | Eats worn out organelles |
| What does the Golgi Apparatus do? | Stores things in vesicles; ships them out |
| Do we carry eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | eukaryotic |
| Do prokaryotics have a nucleus? | Nope. |
| What does the mitochondria do? | Produces ATP |
| Does the mitochondria have its own DNA sequence? | Yes. |
| Are plants eukaryotes? | Yes. |
| Does chloroplast have its own DNA? | Yes |
| What makes a nucleotide? | Sugar, adenosine, phosphate |
| What are the nitrogenous bases that makes up the DNA sequence? | ATCG |
| Is Uracil used in DNA? | No, RNA |
| What is diffusion? | is the process of passively(without loss of energy) movement of any substance from higher concentration to the lower concentration of that substance. |
| What is simple diffusion? | is the net movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration so its simple diffusion does not require energy therefore it is 'passive', substances are diffused across the membrane between the phospholipids. |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Uses protein for high to low |
| What is a concentration gradient? | A concentration gradient is when there is an uneven distribution of a substance across a border. |
| Does active transport require energy? | Yes. |
| What is cilia? | Moves and circulates things |
| What is the importance of mucus? | Traps parrticles |
| What is endocytosis? | entering the cell |
| What is exocytosis? | Exiting the cell |
| What is Transcytosis? | Both endocytosis and exocytosis |
| What does Adenosine match up with? | Thymine |
| What does cytosine match up with? | Guanine |
| In RNA, what does Adenosine match up with? | Uracil |
| What are the different RNA's? | tRNA,smRNA, mRNA |
| Where does transcription occur? | Nucleus |
| What is helicase? | DNA polymearse |
| Where does translation occur? | Ribosomes |
| What is Gyrase? | RNA polymearse |
| What brings an amino acid into the ribosome? | tRNA |
| What contains the genetic code? | mRNA |
| What is a codon? | A sequence of three nucleotide which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. |
| What brings the anti codon? | tRNA |
| What is an anti codon? | A sequence of three nucleic acid bases on transfer RNA molecules which recognizes and binds to three corresponding bases (called a codon) of messenger RNA. |
| What is an Allele? | One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| What is an dominant allele? | an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different |
| What is a recessive allele? | an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different.an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical. |
| What is an structures nucleotide? | Base nitrogen, bonded to carbon, sugar ribose, phosphate. |
| What is a dominant, heterogeneous? | Aa |
| What is a dominant, homogeneous? | AA |
| What is a recessive, homogeneous? | aa |
| What is polygentic inheritance? | when a single trait is controlled by 2 or more sets of alleles |
| What is pleiotropy? | The production by a single gene of two or more unrelated effects. |
| What is a phenotype? | The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| What is Semi-conservative replication? | replicates the entire genome |
| What is a lagging strand? | Happens in chunks |
| What is a chromosome? | A threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order. Also it is known as tightly wound DNA. |
| What is a chromatid? | A chromatid is one half of a chromosome at a stage of the cell cycle when the chromosome contains two molecules of DNA. |
| What part of the cell cycle do you see the chromosome? | Metaphase |
| What happens in G2? | Its prepares to split |
| What happens in the S phase? | .The cell's DNA replicates, ensuring that future cells obtain similar copies of its hereditary material, and proteins associated with DNA are produced during this phase. |
| What is the difference between a nitrogen of base and a nucloetide? | Nitrogen is just a base, holds DNA together |
| What is the sequence of phases? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| What is the penetrance of the phenotype of the population? | Everyone may ave the phenotype but not everyone shows it |
| What is Pituitary dwarfism? | Not enough growth hormone |
| What is Achondrcdroplasic dwarfism? | Axial skeleton grows but not the appendicular. |
| What is huntington's disease? | Develops in adulthood and ends in dementia |
| What is Tay-Sachs? | Genetic blood disease, jewish decent |
| What is hemophilia? | Sex-linked; in ability to clot blood |
| What are sex linked traits? | Sex-linked traits are genes that are on either the X or Y chromosomes. |
| Which sex is more likely to get a sex link trait? | Males due to the XY |
| What is a diploid? | Inherits two sets of chromosome |
| What is a haploid? | Has only one set chromosome |
| What is an example of a haploid? | Bacteria |
| What is a monomer? | Simple carb |
| What is a polymer? | Complex carb |
| Is a sacchrid a monomer or polymer? | Monomer |
| What are functional groups? | atoms found within molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions characteristic of those molecules. |
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