Audiology PowerPoint 1
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| Anatomy | from Greek: to cute open. Study the structure of things
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| Physiology | from Greek: study of nature. Study of the function of living systems
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| Describe the Anatomical Position | Body erect; head, eyes, toes directed forward; palms directed forward
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| Describe the Median plane | Vertical, front to back in midline
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| Describe the Sagittal plane | Vertical, parallel to median. Divides the body into right and left halves.
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| Describe the Frontal plane | Also called Coronal. Vertical, perpendicular to median. Divides the body into anterior or ventral and posterior or dorsal.
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| Synonym for anterior | ventral
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| Synonym for posterior | dorsal
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| Describe the Horizontal plane | Also called Transverse. Parallel to floor. Divides the body into superior or rostral and inferior or caudal halves.
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| Synonym for superior | rostral
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| Synonym for inferior | caudal
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| Medial | closer to median plane
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| Lateral | further from median plane
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| Superficial | towards surface of body
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| Deep | towards center of body
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| Ipsilateral | on the same side
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| Contralateral | on the opposite side
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| Distal | further from origin or attachment
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| Peripheral | away from the center
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| Proximal | nearer origin or attachment
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| Flexion | Bending in the sagittal plane
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| Extension | straightening in the sagittal plane
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| Adduction | movement toward to midline
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| Abduction | movement away from the midline
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| Protraction | forward movement
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| Retraction | backward movement
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| 5 basic elements of Anatomy | Organisms, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Molecules
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| 4 types of tissue | Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural
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| Describe squamous tissue | Epithelial. Flat, pressed closely together like a wall. Acts as a barrier (epidermis, urinary bladder)
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| Describe cuboidal tissue | Epithelial. Long cylinders like pipes, good for transportation of fluids, for secretion (sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, stomach)
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| Describe columnar tissue | Epithelial. Long and tall, squished together and easily expanded for absorption (intestinal mucosa)
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| Describe ciliated tissue | Epithelial. Ciliated, or covered in hairs. Can transport such as in the trachea, and also act as sensory such as outer hair cells.
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| Describe the basic elements of connective tissue | 1-cells are separated 2-fibers (collagen for strength and elastin for elasticity) 3-ECM, Extracellular matrix. Fuction: support, anchor, connect
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| Seven types of connective tissue | Areolar (attach organs and epithelium), lymphoid (immune system), fibrous (strong), adipose (fat), cartilaginous, osseous (bone), and blood
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| Tendon | a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
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| Aponeuroses? | Layers of flat broad tendons.
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| Ligament | fibrous connective tissue but joins one bone to another bone
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| Fascia | an areolar connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, etc. Like a plastic wrap holding the contents of a sandwhich together.
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| Cartilage | flexible connective tissue found in joints between bones (rib cage, ear, nose, elbow, knee, ankle, etc.)
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| Osseous tissue--name the 2 basic structural types of bone. | Compact and Spongy or Cancellous
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| Compact bone | forms the outer shell of all bones and also the shaft in long bones.
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| Spongy or Cancellous bone | found at expanded heads of long bones and fills most irregular bones.
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| 4 types of bone | Long, short, flat, and irregular
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| Long bones | comprise mostly of compact bone tissue. Marrow in medullary cavity. (legs, fingers, toes)
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| Diaphysis | the shaft of a bone
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| Epiphysis | the ends of a bone
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| Describe short bones | have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior and a roughly cube like shape (wrists, ankles, knee caps)
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| Describe flat bones | thin and generally curved. Two parallel layers of compact bones sandwich a layer of spongy bone. (cranium, sternum)
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| Describe irregular bones | do not fit into any categories, have irregular shapes (spine, hips)
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| Three types of muscular tissue | Striated (skeletal, voluntary), smooth (internal organs, involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)
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| Origin of a muscle? | the point of attachment to a bone or another muscle, does not move following contraction.
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| Insertion of a muscle? | opposite end from the origin, does move upon contraction
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| Name the two categories of neural tissue. | Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
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| Name the two parts of the CNS | Brain and spinal cord
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| Name the two parts of the PNS | Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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