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Basics of Anatomy
Audiology PowerPoint 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | from Greek: to cute open. Study the structure of things |
| Physiology | from Greek: study of nature. Study of the function of living systems |
| Describe the Anatomical Position | Body erect; head, eyes, toes directed forward; palms directed forward |
| Describe the Median plane | Vertical, front to back in midline |
| Describe the Sagittal plane | Vertical, parallel to median. Divides the body into right and left halves. |
| Describe the Frontal plane | Also called Coronal. Vertical, perpendicular to median. Divides the body into anterior or ventral and posterior or dorsal. |
| Synonym for anterior | ventral |
| Synonym for posterior | dorsal |
| Describe the Horizontal plane | Also called Transverse. Parallel to floor. Divides the body into superior or rostral and inferior or caudal halves. |
| Synonym for superior | rostral |
| Synonym for inferior | caudal |
| Medial | closer to median plane |
| Lateral | further from median plane |
| Superficial | towards surface of body |
| Deep | towards center of body |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side |
| Contralateral | on the opposite side |
| Distal | further from origin or attachment |
| Peripheral | away from the center |
| Proximal | nearer origin or attachment |
| Flexion | Bending in the sagittal plane |
| Extension | straightening in the sagittal plane |
| Adduction | movement toward to midline |
| Abduction | movement away from the midline |
| Protraction | forward movement |
| Retraction | backward movement |
| 5 basic elements of Anatomy | Organisms, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Molecules |
| 4 types of tissue | Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural |
| Describe squamous tissue | Epithelial. Flat, pressed closely together like a wall. Acts as a barrier (epidermis, urinary bladder) |
| Describe cuboidal tissue | Epithelial. Long cylinders like pipes, good for transportation of fluids, for secretion (sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, stomach) |
| Describe columnar tissue | Epithelial. Long and tall, squished together and easily expanded for absorption (intestinal mucosa) |
| Describe ciliated tissue | Epithelial. Ciliated, or covered in hairs. Can transport such as in the trachea, and also act as sensory such as outer hair cells. |
| Describe the basic elements of connective tissue | 1-cells are separated 2-fibers (collagen for strength and elastin for elasticity) 3-ECM, Extracellular matrix. Fuction: support, anchor, connect |
| Seven types of connective tissue | Areolar (attach organs and epithelium), lymphoid (immune system), fibrous (strong), adipose (fat), cartilaginous, osseous (bone), and blood |
| Tendon | a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. |
| Aponeuroses? | Layers of flat broad tendons. |
| Ligament | fibrous connective tissue but joins one bone to another bone |
| Fascia | an areolar connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, etc. Like a plastic wrap holding the contents of a sandwhich together. |
| Cartilage | flexible connective tissue found in joints between bones (rib cage, ear, nose, elbow, knee, ankle, etc.) |
| Osseous tissue--name the 2 basic structural types of bone. | Compact and Spongy or Cancellous |
| Compact bone | forms the outer shell of all bones and also the shaft in long bones. |
| Spongy or Cancellous bone | found at expanded heads of long bones and fills most irregular bones. |
| 4 types of bone | Long, short, flat, and irregular |
| Long bones | comprise mostly of compact bone tissue. Marrow in medullary cavity. (legs, fingers, toes) |
| Diaphysis | the shaft of a bone |
| Epiphysis | the ends of a bone |
| Describe short bones | have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior and a roughly cube like shape (wrists, ankles, knee caps) |
| Describe flat bones | thin and generally curved. Two parallel layers of compact bones sandwich a layer of spongy bone. (cranium, sternum) |
| Describe irregular bones | do not fit into any categories, have irregular shapes (spine, hips) |
| Three types of muscular tissue | Striated (skeletal, voluntary), smooth (internal organs, involuntary), cardiac (involuntary) |
| Origin of a muscle? | the point of attachment to a bone or another muscle, does not move following contraction. |
| Insertion of a muscle? | opposite end from the origin, does move upon contraction |
| Name the two categories of neural tissue. | Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System |
| Name the two parts of the CNS | Brain and spinal cord |
| Name the two parts of the PNS | Cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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