Chapter 20 Anatomy & Physiology
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| the study of the digestive tract and diagnosis and treatment of its diseases. | Gastroenterology
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| The digestive tract is also know as | Alimentary Canal
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| The first phase of digestion | Mechanical
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| it involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, beginning with chewing in the mouth | Mechanical
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| the second phase of digestion | Chemical
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| uses digestive enzymes produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestines to break down food particles into nutrients that cells can use | Chemical
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| the innermost layer of tissue that makes up the wall in the digestive tract | Mucosa
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| consists of three layers of its own: an inner layer of epithelium, a layer of loose connective tissue and a thin layer of smooth muscle | Mucosa
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| Is a thick layer of connective tissue | Submucosa
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| it contains glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves | Submucosa
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| Consists of two layers of smooth muscle | Muscularis
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| the layer of the digestive tract that contracts and relaxes to propel food forward is the | Muscularis
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| the outer most layer | Serosa
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| covers a portion of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity. | Serosa
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| the outer layer covering of the esophagus and rectum is called | Adventital
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| The _____ layer of the peritoneum covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity | Visceral
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| the ______ layer of the peritoneum attaches to the walls of the cavity | Parietal
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| the brake down of food | Digestion
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| a network of nerves that innervates the digestive system | Enteric Nerves System
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| Layers of peritoneum that suspend the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity while anchoring them loosely to the abdominal wall | Mesenteries
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| extending from the greater curvature of the stomach and hanging down over the small intestines like an apron is a portion of the mesentery called the | Greater Omentum
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| the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity | Ascites
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| extends from the lesser curve of the stomach to the liver | Lesser omentum
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| fixes the colon to the posterior abdominal wall | mesocolon
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| organs enclosed in peritoneum | Intraperitoneal
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| Some organs like the duodenum, most of the pancreas, and kidneys lie behind the peritoneum and are said to be | Retroperitoneal
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| the oral cavity is also known as the | Buccal Cavity
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| it surrounds the lips and bordered on each side of the cheeks | Buccal Cavity
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| formed portions of maxillae and palatine bones | Hard palate
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| separates the mouth from the nasal cavity | Hard Palate
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| Consists of mostly skeletal muscle and forms an arch between the mouth and nasopharynx | Soft Palate
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| A cone-shaped thing that hangs downward from the soft palate | Uvula
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| skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane | Tongue
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| it repositions food in the mouth during chewing | Tongue
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| it contains taste buds within the projections | Tongue
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| inside of taste buds | Lingual papillae
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| a fold of mucous membrane that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth | Lingual Frenulum
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| an ideal site for soluble drugs to be absorbed quickly into the circulation | Lingual Frenulum
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| The Salivary gland secrete | Saliva
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| a Clear fluid consisting mostly of water, but also containing mucus, an enzyme that kills bacteria, antibacterial compounds, electrolytes, and two digestive enzymes | Saliva
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| moistens food and transforms it into a mass called | Bolus
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| the enzyme in saliva that brakes down starch | Amylase
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| the enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of fat | lipase
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| lies just underneath the skin anterior to the ear | Parotid Gland
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| its duct drains saliva to the area near the second upper molar | Parotid Gland
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| Empties into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum | Submandibular Gland
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| Drains though multiple ducts onto the floor of the mouth | Sublingual Gland
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| digestion begins when food enters the mouth and is chewed: a process called ________ | Mastication
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| Chisel-like _______ have sharp edges for cutting food | Incisors
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| Pointed _______ teeth are designed to tear food | Canine
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| ______ and molars have large, flat surfaces for crushing or grinding | Premolars
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| Early teeth or baby teeth are called _______ teeth | Deciduous
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| the potion of the tooth above the gums | Crown
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| The gums are called | Gingiva
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| the root and the drown meet at the gum line called the | Neck
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| is embedded in a socket in the jawbone | Root
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| A hard tissue the covers the crown | Enamel
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| The bulk of the tooth consists of a firm yellowish tissue called | Dentin
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| contains mass of connective tissue, Blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves inside a tooth | Pulp Cavity
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| nerves inside a tooth | Pulp
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| Fills the root canals of each root in a tooth | Pulp
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| lines the socket of the tooth | Periodontal Ligament
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| Fibers that both the root and the socket to anchor the tooth in place | Periodontal Ligament
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| A connective tissue that covers the dentin in the root | Cementum
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| Connecting the pharynx to the stomach | Esophagus
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| A muscular tube about 10 inches long | Esophagus
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| Lying posterior to the teachea, it travels through the mediastinum, penetrates the diaphragm, and enters the stomach | Esophagus
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| A muscular sphincter that helps prevent the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus | Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
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| When the bolus enters the esophagus, it triggers wave-like muscular contractions the propel the food toward the stomach this process is called | Peristalsis
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| Semi-fluid mixture consisting of particles of food mixed with digestive juices | Chyme
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| Chyme leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum by passing through the | Pyloric Sphincter
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| Along the upper surface of the stomach | Lesser Curvature
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| Along the lower surface of the stomach | Greater Curvature
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| located in the Left upper quadrant inferior to diaphragm and anterior to the spleen | Stomach
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| Holds food and mechanically and chemically digests it | Stomach
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| In the Region called the Cardia | Cardiac Orifice
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| Opening from the esophagus | Cardiac Orifice
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| The part superior to the Cardiac orifice | Fundus
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| The part of the stomach that usually contains air | Fundus
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| The main part of the stomach | Body
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| the Area adjacent to duodenum | Pylorus
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| Separates the duodenum and the Pylorus | Pyloric Sphincter
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| Contracts to prevent backflow from the duodenum back to the Pylorus | Pyloric Sphincter
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| Wrinkles/folds that appear when the stomach is empty | Rugea
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| Contains Gastric glands that consist several cell types | Gastric Pits
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| Secrets Mucus | Mucous Cells
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| Secrets Pepsinogen | Chief Cells
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| Breaks Peptide Bonds | Chief Cells
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| Secrets H+ from proton pumps into the stomach that bonds to CI- that also diffuses from the parietal cells to become hydrochloric acid (HCI) | Parital Cells
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| Secretes Intrinsic factor | Parital Cells
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| Protects the stomach lining and keeps the stomach from digesting itself | Mucous Cells
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| Secretes the hormone Ghrelin and Gastrin | Enteroendocrine Cells
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| Increases digestive secretions | Gastrin
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| Secreted when food enters the stomach | Gastrin
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| Stimulates the Hypothalamus to increase appetite | Ghrelin
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| All of the secretions of the stomach | Gastric Juice
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| the first phase of secretions in gastric juice | Cephalic
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| The phase that even the mere thought of food as well as the sight or smell activates gastric juices | Cephalic
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| The phase that signals the parasympathetic nervous system to secrete gastric juices | Cephalic
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| the second phase of secretions in the gastric juices | Gastric
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| the phase that begins when food enters the stomach | Gastric
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| the third phase of secretions in gastric juices | Intestinal
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| as chyme moves into the duodenum this phase begins | Intestinal
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| The term hepatic refers to the | liver
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| Swelling and inflammation of the liver | Hepatitis
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| the right and the left lobes of the liver are separated by the | Falciform ligament
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| Serves to anchor the liver to the abdominal wall | Falciform ligament
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| The lobe of the liver near the inferior vena cava | Caudate
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| The lobe of the liver next to the gallbladder | Quadrate
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| Delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver | Hepatic Artery
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| carries oxygen-poor but nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver | Portal Vein
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| the tiny six-sided cylinders fill the interior of the liver | Hepatic lobules
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| Passed through the core of each lobule | Central vein
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| Sheets of hepatic cells | Hepatocytes
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| in between the sheets of cells are passage ways filled with blood called | Sinusoids
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| Tiny canals that carry bile secreted by hepatocytes | Canaliculi
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| phagocytic cells that remove bacteria, worn, worn out red blood cells, and debris from the bloodstream | Kupffer cells
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| Bile leaves the liver by the | right & left hepatic ducts
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| the right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the | Common Hepatic duct
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| the common hepatic duct goes on to become the | Common Bile duct
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| Bile from the liver first fills the common bile duct before backing up into the gallbladder though the | Cystic duct
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| The bile merges with the duct of the pancreas to form the | Ampulla of Vater
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| The Ampulla enters the duodenum at a raised area called the | Major Duodenum papilla
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| the sphincter that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum | Sphincter of Oddi
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| Secretes digestive enzymes in an inactive form | Acinar Cells
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| once this is activated in the duodenum, the enzymes help brake down lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates | Acinar Cells
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| the arrival of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the duodenum to secrete a hormone called | Cholecystokinin
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| the hormone from the stomach and duodenum that triggers both gallbladder contraction an pancreatic enzyme secretion | Gastrin
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| the acid in chyme also triggers the duodenum to release _______ | Secretin
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| Cause the bile and pancreatic ducts to release bicarbonate, which helps neutralize the stomach acid entering the duodenum | Secretin
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| the First 10 inches of the small intestines | Duodenum
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| the ideal location for nutrient absorption in the small intestines | Jejunum
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| Clusters of lymphatic nodules called Peyer's Patches are found in this part of the small intestines | Ileum
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| Ring like contractions that occur at the intervals along the small intestines | Segmentation
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| Begins when most of the nutrients have been absorbed and undigested residue remains | Peristalsis
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| intestinal lining contains ________ that slow the process of chyme an increase it contact with mucosa | Circular folds
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| on top of circular folds are projections called | Villi
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| An arteriole, A venule, and lymph vessel call a _________ fills the core of each villus | Lacteal
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| Pores at the base of the villi | Intestinal crypts
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| Contains many saccharide groups linked together; these include starches and glycogen | Polysaccharides
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| Contain two groups linked together; theses include sucrose, lactose, and maltose | Disaccharides
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| Contain only one saccharide group; the include glucose, fructose, and galactose | Monosaccharides
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| Salivary glands secrete the enzyme | Amylase
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| When the food reaches the small intestines, the resulting chyme mixes with ____________, and the process of starch digestion resumes | Pancreatic Amylase
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| in the stomach the enzyme _____ hydrolyzes the peptide bonds between certain amino acids | Pepsin
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| the enzyme that Brakes the remaining chains into individual amino acids in the stomach | Pepidases
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| enzymes that assume the task of breaking the peptide bonds | Trypsin & Chymotrypsin
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| The large intestine begins in a blind pound called the | cecum
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| attached to the lower end of the cecum is a tubular organ called the | Appendix
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| at the point where the ileum meets the large intestine is the | ileocecal valve
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| Part of the large intestine that Passes below the liver, stomach and spleen. | Transverse colon
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| the colon makes a sharp turn left turn at the | Hepatic flexure
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| the colon turns sharply DOWNWARD at the | Splenic flexure
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| the part of the large intestine that extends downward along the left side of the abdominal cavity | Descending colon
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| Part of the large intestine that forms an "s" shape down to the rectum | Sigmoid Colon
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| At the end of the large intestines | Rectum
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| makes up the last inch of the rectum | Anal canal
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| the anal canal opens to the exterior though the | Anus
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