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Digestive System
Chapter 20 Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of the digestive tract and diagnosis and treatment of its diseases. | Gastroenterology |
| The digestive tract is also know as | Alimentary Canal |
| The first phase of digestion | Mechanical |
| it involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, beginning with chewing in the mouth | Mechanical |
| the second phase of digestion | Chemical |
| uses digestive enzymes produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestines to break down food particles into nutrients that cells can use | Chemical |
| the innermost layer of tissue that makes up the wall in the digestive tract | Mucosa |
| consists of three layers of its own: an inner layer of epithelium, a layer of loose connective tissue and a thin layer of smooth muscle | Mucosa |
| Is a thick layer of connective tissue | Submucosa |
| it contains glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves | Submucosa |
| Consists of two layers of smooth muscle | Muscularis |
| the layer of the digestive tract that contracts and relaxes to propel food forward is the | Muscularis |
| the outer most layer | Serosa |
| covers a portion of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity. | Serosa |
| the outer layer covering of the esophagus and rectum is called | Adventital |
| The _____ layer of the peritoneum covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity | Visceral |
| the ______ layer of the peritoneum attaches to the walls of the cavity | Parietal |
| the brake down of food | Digestion |
| a network of nerves that innervates the digestive system | Enteric Nerves System |
| Layers of peritoneum that suspend the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity while anchoring them loosely to the abdominal wall | Mesenteries |
| extending from the greater curvature of the stomach and hanging down over the small intestines like an apron is a portion of the mesentery called the | Greater Omentum |
| the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity | Ascites |
| extends from the lesser curve of the stomach to the liver | Lesser omentum |
| fixes the colon to the posterior abdominal wall | mesocolon |
| organs enclosed in peritoneum | Intraperitoneal |
| Some organs like the duodenum, most of the pancreas, and kidneys lie behind the peritoneum and are said to be | Retroperitoneal |
| the oral cavity is also known as the | Buccal Cavity |
| it surrounds the lips and bordered on each side of the cheeks | Buccal Cavity |
| formed portions of maxillae and palatine bones | Hard palate |
| separates the mouth from the nasal cavity | Hard Palate |
| Consists of mostly skeletal muscle and forms an arch between the mouth and nasopharynx | Soft Palate |
| A cone-shaped thing that hangs downward from the soft palate | Uvula |
| skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane | Tongue |
| it repositions food in the mouth during chewing | Tongue |
| it contains taste buds within the projections | Tongue |
| inside of taste buds | Lingual papillae |
| a fold of mucous membrane that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth | Lingual Frenulum |
| an ideal site for soluble drugs to be absorbed quickly into the circulation | Lingual Frenulum |
| The Salivary gland secrete | Saliva |
| a Clear fluid consisting mostly of water, but also containing mucus, an enzyme that kills bacteria, antibacterial compounds, electrolytes, and two digestive enzymes | Saliva |
| moistens food and transforms it into a mass called | Bolus |
| the enzyme in saliva that brakes down starch | Amylase |
| the enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of fat | lipase |
| lies just underneath the skin anterior to the ear | Parotid Gland |
| its duct drains saliva to the area near the second upper molar | Parotid Gland |
| Empties into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum | Submandibular Gland |
| Drains though multiple ducts onto the floor of the mouth | Sublingual Gland |
| digestion begins when food enters the mouth and is chewed: a process called ________ | Mastication |
| Chisel-like _______ have sharp edges for cutting food | Incisors |
| Pointed _______ teeth are designed to tear food | Canine |
| ______ and molars have large, flat surfaces for crushing or grinding | Premolars |
| Early teeth or baby teeth are called _______ teeth | Deciduous |
| the potion of the tooth above the gums | Crown |
| The gums are called | Gingiva |
| the root and the drown meet at the gum line called the | Neck |
| is embedded in a socket in the jawbone | Root |
| A hard tissue the covers the crown | Enamel |
| The bulk of the tooth consists of a firm yellowish tissue called | Dentin |
| contains mass of connective tissue, Blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves inside a tooth | Pulp Cavity |
| nerves inside a tooth | Pulp |
| Fills the root canals of each root in a tooth | Pulp |
| lines the socket of the tooth | Periodontal Ligament |
| Fibers that both the root and the socket to anchor the tooth in place | Periodontal Ligament |
| A connective tissue that covers the dentin in the root | Cementum |
| Connecting the pharynx to the stomach | Esophagus |
| A muscular tube about 10 inches long | Esophagus |
| Lying posterior to the teachea, it travels through the mediastinum, penetrates the diaphragm, and enters the stomach | Esophagus |
| A muscular sphincter that helps prevent the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus | Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) |
| When the bolus enters the esophagus, it triggers wave-like muscular contractions the propel the food toward the stomach this process is called | Peristalsis |
| Semi-fluid mixture consisting of particles of food mixed with digestive juices | Chyme |
| Chyme leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum by passing through the | Pyloric Sphincter |
| Along the upper surface of the stomach | Lesser Curvature |
| Along the lower surface of the stomach | Greater Curvature |
| located in the Left upper quadrant inferior to diaphragm and anterior to the spleen | Stomach |
| Holds food and mechanically and chemically digests it | Stomach |
| In the Region called the Cardia | Cardiac Orifice |
| Opening from the esophagus | Cardiac Orifice |
| The part superior to the Cardiac orifice | Fundus |
| The part of the stomach that usually contains air | Fundus |
| The main part of the stomach | Body |
| the Area adjacent to duodenum | Pylorus |
| Separates the duodenum and the Pylorus | Pyloric Sphincter |
| Contracts to prevent backflow from the duodenum back to the Pylorus | Pyloric Sphincter |
| Wrinkles/folds that appear when the stomach is empty | Rugea |
| Contains Gastric glands that consist several cell types | Gastric Pits |
| Secrets Mucus | Mucous Cells |
| Secrets Pepsinogen | Chief Cells |
| Breaks Peptide Bonds | Chief Cells |
| Secrets H+ from proton pumps into the stomach that bonds to CI- that also diffuses from the parietal cells to become hydrochloric acid (HCI) | Parital Cells |
| Secretes Intrinsic factor | Parital Cells |
| Protects the stomach lining and keeps the stomach from digesting itself | Mucous Cells |
| Secretes the hormone Ghrelin and Gastrin | Enteroendocrine Cells |
| Increases digestive secretions | Gastrin |
| Secreted when food enters the stomach | Gastrin |
| Stimulates the Hypothalamus to increase appetite | Ghrelin |
| All of the secretions of the stomach | Gastric Juice |
| the first phase of secretions in gastric juice | Cephalic |
| The phase that even the mere thought of food as well as the sight or smell activates gastric juices | Cephalic |
| The phase that signals the parasympathetic nervous system to secrete gastric juices | Cephalic |
| the second phase of secretions in the gastric juices | Gastric |
| the phase that begins when food enters the stomach | Gastric |
| the third phase of secretions in gastric juices | Intestinal |
| as chyme moves into the duodenum this phase begins | Intestinal |
| The term hepatic refers to the | liver |
| Swelling and inflammation of the liver | Hepatitis |
| the right and the left lobes of the liver are separated by the | Falciform ligament |
| Serves to anchor the liver to the abdominal wall | Falciform ligament |
| The lobe of the liver near the inferior vena cava | Caudate |
| The lobe of the liver next to the gallbladder | Quadrate |
| Delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver | Hepatic Artery |
| carries oxygen-poor but nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver | Portal Vein |
| the tiny six-sided cylinders fill the interior of the liver | Hepatic lobules |
| Passed through the core of each lobule | Central vein |
| Sheets of hepatic cells | Hepatocytes |
| in between the sheets of cells are passage ways filled with blood called | Sinusoids |
| Tiny canals that carry bile secreted by hepatocytes | Canaliculi |
| phagocytic cells that remove bacteria, worn, worn out red blood cells, and debris from the bloodstream | Kupffer cells |
| Bile leaves the liver by the | right & left hepatic ducts |
| the right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the | Common Hepatic duct |
| the common hepatic duct goes on to become the | Common Bile duct |
| Bile from the liver first fills the common bile duct before backing up into the gallbladder though the | Cystic duct |
| The bile merges with the duct of the pancreas to form the | Ampulla of Vater |
| The Ampulla enters the duodenum at a raised area called the | Major Duodenum papilla |
| the sphincter that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum | Sphincter of Oddi |
| Secretes digestive enzymes in an inactive form | Acinar Cells |
| once this is activated in the duodenum, the enzymes help brake down lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates | Acinar Cells |
| the arrival of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the duodenum to secrete a hormone called | Cholecystokinin |
| the hormone from the stomach and duodenum that triggers both gallbladder contraction an pancreatic enzyme secretion | Gastrin |
| the acid in chyme also triggers the duodenum to release _______ | Secretin |
| Cause the bile and pancreatic ducts to release bicarbonate, which helps neutralize the stomach acid entering the duodenum | Secretin |
| the First 10 inches of the small intestines | Duodenum |
| the ideal location for nutrient absorption in the small intestines | Jejunum |
| Clusters of lymphatic nodules called Peyer's Patches are found in this part of the small intestines | Ileum |
| Ring like contractions that occur at the intervals along the small intestines | Segmentation |
| Begins when most of the nutrients have been absorbed and undigested residue remains | Peristalsis |
| intestinal lining contains ________ that slow the process of chyme an increase it contact with mucosa | Circular folds |
| on top of circular folds are projections called | Villi |
| An arteriole, A venule, and lymph vessel call a _________ fills the core of each villus | Lacteal |
| Pores at the base of the villi | Intestinal crypts |
| Contains many saccharide groups linked together; these include starches and glycogen | Polysaccharides |
| Contain two groups linked together; theses include sucrose, lactose, and maltose | Disaccharides |
| Contain only one saccharide group; the include glucose, fructose, and galactose | Monosaccharides |
| Salivary glands secrete the enzyme | Amylase |
| When the food reaches the small intestines, the resulting chyme mixes with ____________, and the process of starch digestion resumes | Pancreatic Amylase |
| in the stomach the enzyme _____ hydrolyzes the peptide bonds between certain amino acids | Pepsin |
| the enzyme that Brakes the remaining chains into individual amino acids in the stomach | Pepidases |
| enzymes that assume the task of breaking the peptide bonds | Trypsin & Chymotrypsin |
| The large intestine begins in a blind pound called the | cecum |
| attached to the lower end of the cecum is a tubular organ called the | Appendix |
| at the point where the ileum meets the large intestine is the | ileocecal valve |
| Part of the large intestine that Passes below the liver, stomach and spleen. | Transverse colon |
| the colon makes a sharp turn left turn at the | Hepatic flexure |
| the colon turns sharply DOWNWARD at the | Splenic flexure |
| the part of the large intestine that extends downward along the left side of the abdominal cavity | Descending colon |
| Part of the large intestine that forms an "s" shape down to the rectum | Sigmoid Colon |
| At the end of the large intestines | Rectum |
| makes up the last inch of the rectum | Anal canal |
| the anal canal opens to the exterior though the | Anus |
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