Anatomia-Blood
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| The only fluid tissue in the human body Classified as a connective tissue Living cells = formed elements Non-living matrix = plasma | Blood
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| Oxygen-rich blood is _____ red Oxygen-poor blood is _____ red | Scarlet;dull
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| regulates osmotic pressure | Albumin
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| help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured | Clotting Proteins
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| help protect the body from antigens | Antibodies
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| Erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| Leukocytes | white blood cells
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| Platelets | cell fragments
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| The main function is to carry oxygen | Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
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| Iron containing protein that binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen | Hemoglobin
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| Crucial in the body’s defense against disease | Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
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| These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles and are able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) | Leukocytes
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| Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml and Generally indicates an infection | Leukocytosis
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| Abnormally low leukocyte level and Commonly caused by certain drugs | Leukopenia
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| Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained and Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils | Granulocytes
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| Lack visible cytoplasmic granules and Include lymphocytes and monocytes | Agranulocytes
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| Multilobed nucleus with fine granules and Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection that act as large brick red cytoplasmic granules and are also found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms | Neutrophils
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| Have histamine containing granules and Initiate inflammation | Basophils
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| Nucleus fills most of the cell and Play an important role in the immune response | Lymphocytes
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| Largest of the white blood cells they Function as macrophages and are Important in fighting chronic infection | Monocytes
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| Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) that are Needed for the clotting process that has a Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3 | Platelets
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| Blood cell formation, it Occurs in red bone marrow, and All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast) | Hematopoiesis
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| Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes, Myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements | Hemocytoblast differentiation
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| Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins, Wear out in 100 to 120 days, When worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver, Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts | Fate of Erythrocytes
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| Rate is controlled by | a hormone (erythropoietin)
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| ________ produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood | Kidneys
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| ________is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels | Homeostasis
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| Stoppage of blood flow, Result of a break in a blood vessel | Hemostasis
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| Platelet plug formation, Vascular spasms, Coagulation | Hemostasis involves three phases
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| Anchored platelets release serotonin | Vascular Spasms
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| Injured tissues release thromboplastin, PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade | Coagulation
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| Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot) | Coagulation
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| Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes, The clot remains as endothelium regenerates, The clot is broken down after tissue repair | Blood Clotting
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| Undesirable Clotting | Fibrin Clot
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| A clot in an unbroken blood vessel that can be deadly in areas like the heart | Thrombus
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| A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream and Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain | Embolus
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| Platelet deficiency and even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting | Thrombocytopenia
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| Hereditary bleeding disorder and Normal clotting factors are missing | Hemophilia
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| Large losses of blood have serious consequences | Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness and Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal
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| Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly and Transfused blood must be of the ____ blood group | same
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| A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by | the immune system
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| Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump | agglutination
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| There are over __ common red blood cell antigens | 30
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| Based on the presence or absence of two antigens | Type A or Type B
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| ABO Blood Groups | The lack of these antigens is called Type O
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| The presence of both A and B | Type AB
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| The presence of either A or B | Types A and B, respectively
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| Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) | Rh Blood Groups
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| Most Americans are Rh (plus or minus) | plus + (Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh negative blood
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| Danger | only when the mother is Rh minus and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor
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| The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child and The first pregnancy usually proceeds _____ problems | without
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| The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy and so in a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces ______ to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn) | antibodies
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| Blood samples are mixed with anti A and anti B serum and ________or no ________ leads to determining blood | Coagulation
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| Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa | Cross matching
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| The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation and Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month, these are | Sites of blood cell formation
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| Fetal ________ differs from _________ produced after birth | hemoglobin
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| The Heart: Valves | Allow blood to flow in only direction
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| Fourt valves are what? | Atrioventricular, Bicuspid, Tricuspid & Semilunar valves, Pulmonary semilunar valve
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| Atrioventricular valves | between atria and ventricles
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| Bicuspid valve | left
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| Tricuspid valve | right
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| Semilunar valves are between what and what? | ventricle and artery
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| Valves open as blood is ________through | pumped
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| Held in place by what? | chordae tendineae (“heart strings”)
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| True or false | True that used to close to prevent backflow
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| Ventricular Diastole | relaxed ventricles; fills with blood; loose tendineae; blood flows from Atria to Ventricles
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| Ventricular Systole | contracted ventricles; blood moves back to atria and cusps close (valve closed); tendineae prevent cusps swinging shut too far
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| Regurgitation | backflow of blood into the atria each time ventricles contract (heart murmur)
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| Semilunar Valves | Pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk and aorta into the R. and L. Ventricles; No muscular braces b/c arterial walls don’t contract, the 3 cusps support each other!
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| Aorta | Leaves left ventricle
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| Pulmonary arteries | Leave right ventricle
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| Vena cava | Enters right atrium
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| Pulmonary veins (four) | Enter left atrium
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| Epicardium | Outside layer-This layer is the parietal pericardium
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| Connective tissue layer | Myocardium
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| Middle layer | Mostly cardiac muscle and Endocardium
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| Inner layer | Endothelium
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| Coronary Circulation | Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
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| Blood empties into the ¬¬right or left atrium via the sinus? | Right
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| Intrinsic conduction system | ( nodal system-nodes-pacemaker-contract-shock)
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| Fibrous Skeleton | 4 dense bands of elastic tissue that go around the base of the pulmonary trunk and aorta and the heart valves
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| Coronary Circulation | blood…heart muscles; provides oxygen and nutrients; increased exertion, increased oxygen demand, increased blood flow
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| Right Coronary Artery | follows coronary sulcus around the heart; supplied blood to R.Atrium, part of both ventricles, SA/AV nodes (conducting system); several artery branches across the ventricular surface
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| Left Coronary Artery | supplies blood to L.Ventricle, L.Atrium, and the Interventricular septum; branches on the anterior surface
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| Anastomoses | interconnections between arteries to provide constant blood supply to heart
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| Cardiac Veins | great cardiac vein (anterior surface of ventricles)
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| Empties into what? | Coronary Sinus (on posterior side)
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| All other veins empty into what? | Great Cardiac Vein
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| 2 types of cardiac muscle cells | Contractile Cells and Conducting System Muscle Cells
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| Sinoatrial node | Pacemaker, Atrioventricular node, Atrioventricular bundle
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| Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers |
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| Heart Contractions | Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node
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| Sequential stimulation occurs at other | autorhythmic cells
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| Contractile Cells | Atrial and ventricular walls
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| Action potential produces what? | Ca²+
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| Resting ventricular contractile cell | -09mV (Volts-electrical current)
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| Atrial contractile cell | -80mV
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| Action potential lasts | 250-300 msec
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| Rapid depolarization | fast channels open and a rush of Na+ enter the membrane +30mV sodium channel closes; calcium channels opens (slow channels) “plateau”
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| Repolarizaiton | calcium channels slowly closes and slow potassium channels open (restores resting potential)
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| Action Potential in Cardiac Muscle Cell Membranes Produce what? | CONTRACTIONS! (caused by concentration of Ca²+)
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| Refractory Period | “wait time” before response from heart
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| Cardiac muscle tissue contracts w/out help: true or false? | False, on its own (no neural or hormonal stimulation)
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| Conducting System | network of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiates and distributes electrical impulses
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| Includes | Sinoatrial (SA) Node- wall of R.Atria; Atrioventricular (AV) node-b/w atrial and ventricles
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| Ventricular Conducting Cells | AV bundle, Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers
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| Conducting cells are what? | smaller than contractile cells, can’t maintain a stable resting potential (each time repolarization occurs, gradual drift toward threshold…“prepotential”)
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| Contains pacemaker cells which does what? | establishes heart rate
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| Atrials must _____ before ventricles | contract
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| Heart Contractions | Filling of Heart Chambers – the Cardiac Cycle
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