West and the World (Imperialism)
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| migration chain | when whole villages move thousands of miles away together due to one strong individual who blazed the way
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| great white walls | laws designed by Americans and Australians to keep Asians from settling in their countries in the 1880s because they came into conflict with local populations
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| Afrikaners | descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa
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| Berlin conference | meeting of European leaders in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa; no single European country could claim the entire continent; agreed to work to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa
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| white man’s burden | idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living
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| Great Rebellion | the 1857 and 1858 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed
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| Meiji Restoration | in 1867 patriotic samurai seized control of government with little bloodshed, leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan
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| battle cry of Meiji | “Enrich the state and strengthen the armed forces.”
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| hundred days of reform | a series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge
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| shogun | held the real power in Japan
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| samurai | warrior nobility
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| Third World | a term that refers to the non-industrialized nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America as a single unit
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| khedive | an Egyptian prince
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| Social Darwinism | idea that there is competition among races with some being subordinate and others being dominant
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| swallows | After harvesting their own crops in Italy, they traveled to Argentina to harvest wheat and then returned to Italy for the spring planting.
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| Muhammad Ali | Albanian-born, Turkish general who was appointed governor of Egypt in 1805
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| Muhammad Ali | drafted illiterate peasants for the army which he hired French and Italian officers for
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| Muhammad Ali | reformed the Egyptian government, cultivated lands, improved communication, encouraged commercial agricultural development, and established an independent state
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| Ismail | • Muhammad Ali’s grandson
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| Ismail | • 1863 – began rule as khedive (prince)
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| Ismail | • westernizing autocrat
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| Ismail | • promoted large irrigation networks which caused cotton production and exports to Europe to grow
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| Ismail | • Suez Canal was completed by a French company in 1869 with his help
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| Ismail | • Arabic replaced Turkish as language
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| Ismail | • expensive ideas
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| Ismail | • eventually was forced by France and Britain to appoint France and Britain financial ministers to pay off debt
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| Ismail | • forced to abdicate to his son Tewfiq
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| Ahmed Arabi | formed the Egyptian Nationalist Party
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| Cecil Rhodes | • led the British in the Cape Colony to establish protectorates in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Zambia
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| Jules Ferry | French who created the idea of the Berlin conference with Bismarck
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| Jules Ferry | French who took Indochina in the 1800s
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| Rudyard Kipling | 1899 – influential British writer who wrote a poem called the “White Man’s Burden”
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| J.A. Hobson | wrote Imperialism (only certain special interest groups benefited from colonies, not the whole country)
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| against social Darwinian though | Joseph Conrad and J.A. Hobson
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| Joseph Conrad | wrote Heart of Darkness (selfishness of Europeans in civilizing Africa)
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| Commodore Matthew Perry | American who arrived in Edo Bay (Tokyo) to demand the opening of Japanese ports through the use of gunboat diplomacy
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| Commodore Matthew Perry | settled in Yokohama, Japan in 1853
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| Commodore Matthew Perry | signed a treaty with Japan to open 2 of their ports to permit trade
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| Tzu Hsi | empress dowager ruled in place of son used shrewd insight and vigorous action to revitalize bureaucracy
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| Tzu Hsi | had a palace coup – imprisoned the emperor, rejected reform, and put reactionary officials in charge, effectively quelling any inkling of a revolution
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| Tzu Hsi | declared war on the West after encouraging the Boxers to kill missionaries a Chinese Christians
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| Tzu Hsi | caused the eventual demise of the Qing Dynasty
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| Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt | • 1805-1848
• encouraged commercial agriculture
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| Treaty of Nanking | • 1842
• imperial government required to give Hong Kong to Britain forever
• pay indemnity of $100 million
• open 4 cities for unlimited foreign trade
• low tariffs
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| Perry opens Japan for trade | • 1853
• Matthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay (Tokyo) and settled in Yokohama
• used gunboat diplomacy to get Japanese to open 2 ports and to allow for international trade
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| Britain crushes Great Rebellion in India | • 1857-1858
• insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed
• ruled them independently until 1947
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| Japanese antiforeign terrorism and antigovernment assassinations | • 1858-1867
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| reign of Ismail in Egypt | • 1863-1879
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| Meiji Restoration in Japan | • 1867
• patriotic samurai seized control of government with little bloodshed which led to the subsequent modernization of Japan
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| completion of Suez Canal | • 1869
• completed with Ismail and a French company
• allowed for quicker and easier transportation
• also allowed British women to travel to India
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| Japan opened Korea with gunboat diplomacy | • 1876
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| Egyptian Nationalist party formed | • 1879
• formed under Colonel Ahmed Arabi
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| most of Africa falls under Euro rule | • 1880-1900
• France signed treaty of protection with Leopold II to establish French protectorate on bank of Congo River
•Berlin Conference – meeting of Euro leaders in 1884-85 to give basic rules for imperialist competition in Africa
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| Russian expansion reaches borders of Afghanistan | • 1885
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| Indian National Congress | • 1885
• formed of mostly Hindus
• wanted equality and self-government
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| Japand defeated China in war over Korea | • 1894
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| Sino-Japanese War | • 1894-1895
• caused others to see China as weak and easy to form protectorates over
• foreign advancement increased after 1894
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| Japan took Formosa (Taiwan) | • 1895
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| US takes over Philippines | • 1898
• captures from Spanish in the Spanish-American War
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| hundred days of reform in China | • 1898
• a series of Western-style reforms by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge
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| Boxers attack | • killed more than 200 foreign missionaries and thousands of Chinese Christians
• attacked Beijing embassies
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| Kipling writes "The White Man's Bruden" | • 1899
• the most influential British writer who wrote about this
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| South African War | • 1899-1902
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| Joseph Conrad writes Heart of Darkness | • 1902
• selfishness of Europeans in civilizing Africa
• rebelled against social Darwinian thought
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| J.A. Hobson writes Imperialism | • 1902
• acquiring colonies was because of unregulated capitalism (rich needed to find outlets for surplus capital)
• only certain special interest groups benefited from colonies, not the whole country
• rebelled against social Darwinian thought
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| Japan attacked Russia and won foothold over the Chinese protectorate of Port Arthur | • 1904
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| Western-style republic replaces China's Qing Dynasty | • 1912
• spontaneous uprising by antiforeign and antigovernment revolutionary groups ended Qing Dynasty
• coalition of revolutionaries made a Western republic and called for elected parliament
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| Panama Canal opens | • 1914
• shortened transportation time
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| income per person __________ in the Third World from ____ to ____ | stagnated; 1913; 1945
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| How did Europes increase in international commerce in the 19th century stimulate economic development between nations? | • Britain created export markets for its industrial output and was the world’s largest importer of goods
• access to Britain’s market stimulated the development of mines and plantations in non-Western areas
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| How did railroads aid European countries? | • reduced transportation costs
• opened new economic opportunities
• connected seaports with inland cities in 3rd world rather than causing new cities to be built
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| How did steam boats and the opening of the Panema and Suez Canals aid Europe? | • steam supplanted sails on the ocean
• transportation costs decreased
• opening of Suez and Panama Canals shortened transport time
• ports modernized
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| What could Asians, AFricans, and Latin Americans do thanks to the revolution in land and sea transport? | ship tropical products and raw materials for industry
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| Because of the revolution in land and sea transport, what were Europeans encouraged to do? | open up new territories and develop ag products and materials to sale
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| How did communication develop and change? | • transoceanic telegraph cables caused rapid communication with finance centers around the world
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| What did investments in the 1840s allow white settlers to do, and what was the most profitable industry to invest in? | • most profitable opportunities for investment in railroad construction
• enabled white settlers to buy European railroads to develop sources for cheap food and raw materials
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| Who were victims of European advancements? | Native Americans and Australian aborigines
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| Describe the Opium Wars. | opium=illegal in China ~ British grew it in India and sold it in China ~ 1836 - British merchants wanted colony within China with own rules ~ Qing gov forced British into Hong Kong ~ occupied coastal cities ~ Treaty of Nanking
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| Describe the development of commercial agriculture in Egypt. | peasants were poor but self-sufficient ~ Ali's family and high-ranking officials took control of common land and made peasants tenants and forced them to grow cash crops like rice and cotton
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| What occured in Egypt as a reaction to foreign financial control? | caused a violent nationalistic reaction with the Egyptian Nationalist Party ~ bloody anti-European riots-1882 ~ Tewfiq had to flee to British ships which then bombarded Alexandria ~ British occupied all of Egypt until 1956
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| How did the British occupation of Egypt transform the country positively? | resulted in tax reforms and better peasant life ~ foreign bondholders received their payment ~ provided new model for European expansion based on military force, political domination, and beneficial reform
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| Why did the population of Europe double in the 1900s, and how many people does this equate to? | birthrates and death rates declined because the standard of living rose and medicine was revolutionized but the population doubled to about 432 million
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| Immigration: how many left, where did they go, and why? | 60 million left (11 million between 1900-1910) ~ went to North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, and Siberia ~ moved to find opportunity, land, and food
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| Describe immigration in Britain and Ireland. | o from 1840s on
o rural poverty
o movement of skilled industrial technicians
o 1/3 of all migrants came from the British Isles
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| Describe immigration in Germany. | o grew after 1830
o peaked in 1850s and 1880s
o then declined rapidly because of rapid industrialization that provided for jobs at home
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| Describe immigration in Italy. | more left the country before 1914 ~ due to slow industrial growth and because of agriculture ~ moved to find cheap wheat in N. America, Argentina, and Brazil
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| How many people did the US attract? | less than 1/2 of Europeans but the most overall
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| How many people returned to their home country later? What factor determined whether or not they would return home? | about ½ to 1/3 eventually returned home ~ the availability of land determined whether or not they would return to their native country
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| Describe Asian migrants. | 3 million Asians moved abroad before 1920 ~ most went as indentured laborers ~ worked in gold mines or on plantations in Latin America, southern Asia, Africa, California, Hawaii, and Australia ~ 1840s-Cuban gov recruited Chinese as field hands
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| Explain the British control over Cape Town. | took over Cape town during wars of Napoleon I which caused Dutch farmers to make the Great Trek into the inside of the country to fight the Zulu and Xhosa for land
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| What countries was Africa divided between? | Britain, France, Germany, and Italy
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| What did the British do in Africa? | • developed rich gold mines
• conquered South Africans
• Afrikaners used large numbers to take over political power from British settlers
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| What did Leopold II of Belgium try to do, and what was the French reaction to this? | 1861–plan of expansion ~ 1876–sent Henry M. Stanley, to central Af. ~ established trading spots, treaties w/ Af. chiefs, and claim country ~ Fr. sent Pierre de Brazza~ 1880-Fr. sign treaty of protection w/Teke chief to get protectorate on Congo River bank
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| Battle of Omduman | • British were attacked by Muslims who were killed my newly invented British Maxim machine guns
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| Why were colonies so important to European rulers? | increase in nationalism and competition among races ~ needed for national security and military power ~ cheap raw materials ~ manipulated colonial issues to distract citizens from issues at home and create a feeling of unity ~ white man's burden
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| Where did Christian missionaries succeed and fail? | success in Africa and failures in India, China, and Islamic world
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| Describe the white rule in India. | all-white civil service ~ 3,000 official for 300 million people ~ backed by white officers and native troops ~ job discrimination and social segregation
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| How did British families live in India? | • families lived in own separate communities with large houses and servants
• wife’s responsibility to maintain the household – authoritarianism among women
• reformers, missionaries, and feminists wished to improve the lives of Indian women by educatio
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| How was Indian education altered? | established modern system of secondary education with English instruction
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| Who became the middle man between British and the native Indians? | high-caste Hindus who had been educated in Europe
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| Name the 3 things that contributed to the economic development in India. | irrigation projects for agriculture ~ 3rd largest railroad in the world (communication) ~ tea and jute plantations
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| What did the British do to create a unified, powerful state in India? | put everyone under the same general system of law and administration by obliterating kingdoms
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| Why did the Indian National Congress want complete independence? | inequality between Indians and Europeans ~ peasants accepted this, but educated elite could not ~ inequality based on dictatorship
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| What changes did the new Japanese government decide to make, politically speaking? | Japanese government decided to stop antiforeign attacks ~ reformed Japan to mimic Western military and industrial aspects ~ 1871 – abolished feudal structure ~ formed a unified state ~ dismantled four-class legal system ~ authoritarian constitution
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| What changes did the new Japanese government decide to make, socially speaking? | declared social equality (like French Revolution) ~ freedom of traveling
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| What changes did the new Japanese government decide to make, speaking of military? | government-stimulated economy ~ built railroads and modern factories
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| What changes did the new Japanese government decide to make, economically speaking? | modern navy ~ 3 year military service – compulsory for all males ~ reorganized along European ideals
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| What changes did the new Japanese government decide to make, technologically speaking? | adapted from West for use in industry, medicine, and education ~ encouraged to study abroad ~ paid foreign experts to teach Japanese
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| What did the Sino-Japanese War reveal about China? | Their loss caused them to look weak which allowed an increase in foreign encroachement and a demand for protectorates.
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| What sort of punishment was placed upon China after the Boxers' attack on Beijing, missionaries, and Chinese Christians? | Beijing was occupied ~ 1901-had to accept list of penalties including an indemnity to be paid over 40 years
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| What happened after the Chinese war? | anarchy and foreign influence spread as power and prestige of Qing Dynasty weakened ~ 1912–spontaneous uprising by antiforeign and antigovernment revolutionary groups ended Qing Dynasty ~ revolutionaries made West republic and had elected parliament
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