Western Civ
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| The treaty of westphalia was created in what year | 1648
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| what war was ended as a result of the treaty of westphalia | 30 years war
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| what happened as a result of the treaty of westphalia | the holy roman empire along with spain and germany collapsed and france/meritime states rose to power
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| jacobean: jacob is latin for | james
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| jacobean stands for the | age that followed Elizabethan Age
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| jacobean was ruled by | James 6/1
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| jacobean age was the beginning of the | golden age
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| jacobean age begins with the...in...which was a... | union of the crowns (england and scottland)...1603...dual monarchy
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| james was a | protestant (eased the feelings of the scotts)
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| james established the | divine right of kings
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| james developed th | king james bible (intellectually stimulating)
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| james brought in the idea of | religious tolerance as long as all religions recognized him as king and read his bible
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| jacobite refers to | james 6/1's grandson's followers or to the steward dynasty
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| jacobin refers to | st jame's church in france during french revolution
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| the king james bible was aimed | against puritan bible
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| The requirements for the Restoration of the ...were... | English Monarchy (1660)...Charles II must not punish those who supported regicide (execution of his father)The king must 'remain' Protestant and head of the Anglican Church. He must also accept the Rights of Parliament
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| The Rights of Parliament were | The power to control taxation Freedom from royal prerogative courts The right to meet at least every three years
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| The Rights of Parliament were | abused by Charles I
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| The Royal Society for the ...established by royal charter this organization seemed to reflect ... | Improving of Natural Knowledge (1664)...royal interest in and support for scientific and artistic development.
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| The Royal Society for the Improving of Natural Knowledge (1664)can also be seen however as a | political propaganda scheme to swing public
and intellectual favor towards the royal court after the Cromwellian Puritan repression of the previous two decades and the imposition of Parliamentary limits on the crown.
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| The Royal Society for the Improving of Natural Knowledge was Presided over by | Sir Isaac Newton and including individuals such as Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Sir Peter
Lely, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Christopher Wren
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| Presided over by Sir Isaac Newton and including individuals such as Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Sir Peter Lely, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Christopher Wren this forum becomes a | center for some of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution, and a foundation for the Enlightenment.
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| The Great Fire of London (1666) - originating in a | bakery near the Tower of London
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| the Great Fire eventually destroyed virtually | all of medieval London
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| The Great Fire of London was used by...to their... | King Charles II and his younger brother... political advantage, first by joining in with the fire brigades to pull down
buildings and slow the spread of the conflagration, and then by supporting the rebuilding of London
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| in the struggle with...this apperance of public leadership helped build... | parliament over primacy...royal popularity in england and undermine restoration limitations of royal power
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| the bloody assizes of..followed the death of... | 1685...king charles II
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| king charles II's illegitimate son led a | rebellion against charles' younger brother, the new king James 7/2
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| the blood assizes: expecting support from the...the...failed to gaina broad popular base | protestan majority of england against the openly catholic king,...duke of monmouth...
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| after the battle of...and...the king appointed...to... | sedgemoor...monmouth's execution...judge george jefferies to punish the rebels
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| Soon, however, the 'assizes' or trials conducted by Judge Jefferies, which led to...shocked... | brutal execution of over 400 peasants...James' tory supporters out of their unquestioning loyalty to his Stuart person
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| "Bloodless Revolution" a.k.a. | Glorious Revolution (1688)
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| "Bloodless Revolution" a.k.a. Glorious Revolution (1688) - sees...to overthrow... | william of orange and mary invited by parliament and several anglican bishops...her father and establish a constitutional monarchy
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| mary overthrowing her father happend much more...and seemed to indicate... | smoothly than anyone could have foreseen...a degree of divine intervention
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| is also referred to as “the Bloodless Revolution” due to the ...however...to... | lack of fighting in England...it led to extremely brutal conflicts in ireland which was to be a staging ground for james 7/2 ...recapture his throne
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| The battles of ...still invoke.. | Londonderry and the Boyne River ...powerful cultural memories in Ireland today and are part of the justification for continuing conflict.
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| The Fronde of...refers to a period of... | (1648-52)...instability in France at the end of the 30 Years' War
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| Though often portrayed as a...the fronde ewas more of a... | popular revolt in Paris...conspiracy by the noblity against the increasing power of the monarchy under candinals richeliue and mazarin
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| The end result of the fronde was that | Louis XIV actually consolidated even more power to the throne creating the greatest example of Absolutism
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| The Sun King - this refers to | Louis XIV as the dominant power in Western Europe
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| louis xiv described himself as...and wore a... | louis the great...crystal medallion of the sun around his neck so that sunlight would seem to glow from him directly
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| As the personification of ...louis xiv became the standard by which other powerful monarchs... | absolutist rule...measured themselves, as is reflected in palaces which imitate versailles, huge national armies and the luxery of the french royal court
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| Jacobean dates... is used generally to identifiy | (1603-1625)...the reign of james 6/1 of scotland/england
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| jacobean describes one of the | golden ages of british history
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| during the jacobean age, there was a lot of...marked by the... | religious conflict and economic development...king james bible and the foundation of jamestown colony in virgina
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| during jacobean age, there was growth in the importance of the...and is reflected in the development of... | middle class..jacobean style architecture, art and lit - including some of the most famout shakespearian works
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| oliver cromwell aka...during the..witnessed symbolically... | lord protector...english civil war (1642-45)...as much as in fact, the emergence of representative government as an alternative to feudal society (landed hierarchy)
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| the victory by...led by...and the execution of...helps to provide... | parliament..oliver cromwell and the rump...king in 1649...a model for the revolutions in America and france over a century later
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| the test act of...is a reaction to... | 1672...charles II's declaration of indulgence
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| the test act was motivated by a | secret treaty of dover w/ louis xiv
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| the test act was imposed by...and excluded... | parliament..roman catholics from office under the crown
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| the fear of..during the test act times and the potential threat of...helped leading... | catholicism...france...anglican nobles to gain dominance over the cabal
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| cabal is ..which was the... | five man inner council...real power behind the throne of charles II
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| There were also...regarding the... | justified concerns...religious and political intentions of his broth and heir to the throne, james duke of york
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| philosophes is the term applied to the...especially with regard to.. | .main intellecutual contributors to the enlightenment...political and social ideas
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| the best known philosophe is...but the term can be applied to...including... | voltaire...dozens of other philosophers...montesquieu, rousseau, adam smith and david hum
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| the term philosophe can also be applied to | intellectural that we might more narrowly describe as scientists today
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| social contract of...wwas written by | 1762...jean jacque rousseau
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| social contract reflects the more | radical trends of the french enlightenment w/ regard to social theory
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| rousseau follows...idea that... | locke's...man is basically good but is then corrupted by civilization and enlightenement insomuch as he saw contemporary society as being fundamentally unequal and therefor unnatural
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| economically, rousseau was more concerned with what was...than he was with... | good for society...commercial profit (uniform poveryt was better than few having privlelged existence)
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| radical democracy would serve to...according to rousseau | restrain individuals who sought to preserve selfish independence from the majority
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| englightened absolutism is also described as..and refers to the... | enlightened despotism...apparent concessions made to the ideas of the enlightenment philosophes by some of the most powerful monarchs in europe
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| after appearing to support ideas of...these monarchs actually... | respresentative gov and limitation of the power of church and state...consolidated power in their own hands behind the scenes
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| the monarch of enlightened absolutism include | frederick II of prussia, catherine II of russia and joseph II of austrai
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| jacobite rebellion of...is the term that refers initially to ... | 1715...supporters of james 7/2 during the glorious revolution
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| jacobite evolves to mean the... | supporters of the stuart claim to the scottish/british throne in 18th cent
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| in 1715, james edward or james 8/3 as he styled himself, attemped to | lead an invasion of scotland and england in hopes of overthrowing the newly crowned george I
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| the repression of the...was associated with... | jacobite rebellions...anti-catholic sentiments which inspired david hume's critical approach to religion while at the same time deporting a number of hanoverian opponents to the american colonies
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| the hanoverian oopponents being sent to american colonies is where they would eventuall | align with the american revolutionary movement
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| inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations in...was written by | 1776...adam smith
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| the inquiry...wealth of nations serves as the... | codification of modern concepts on capitalism
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| after witnessing the...smith studied... | economic decline of glasgow during the 18th cent...man in the context of economy and nature
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| smith introduced for the firsr time the idea that | humans were merely part of the economic whole and were varialbe cost in production
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| according to adam smith, what was more natural and efficiant | free trade w/ abolition of tariffs and other labor restrictions
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| the result of smith's believes on whawt was natural/efficient was that with | higher productivity and profits, it would be good for society as a whole
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| the puritan principle commander was...and he created the...that were... | oliver cromwell...new model army...light and fast
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| bec the new model army was light and fast, it empowered the...and they became known as the... | common...english commonwealth (round heads)
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| in the english civil war who fought against who | royalists (cavaliers) and parliamentarians (commoners)
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| for the cavaliers, who was head of both church and state? what about for the parliamentarians? | king...the people
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| who led the parliamentarians | oliver cromwell
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| the parliamentarians experienced...which made cromwell...so he... | earlly defeat..mad...recruits more battle-experienced people from the 30 years war etc. to form a new model army
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| eventually the parliamentarians...and they turn into the... | win and come to power...rump parliament
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| rump parliament decide kings can be...so.. | found guilty of crime against his peopple...charles I is beheaded
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| cromwell then...with the...and becomes the... | overthrows rump parliament...new model army...land protector
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| the mississippi bubble of...involved a lot of...but then... | 1720...selling stocks and increasing profits...the french middle class collapses along with the economy
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| leviathan was written by...and it rigorously argues that..are best achieved by the establishment of a | hobbes..civil peace and social unity...commonwealth through social contract
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| the ideal commonwealth, according to hobbes is controlled by a...and... | sovereign power responsible for protecting the security of the commonwealth ...granted absolute authority to ensure the common defense
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| the leviathan's body is made of...and with the...as the head | the bodies of the citizens...the sovereign
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| louis xvi calls back the...which hadn't met for...in order to... | estates general..170 years...reform the taxation system
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| the estates general is made of...that are the... | three estates...clergy, nobility and merchants
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| the third estate is made of the | merchants, professionals, doctors, lawyers, etc
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| the third estateate quickly got | outvoted by the nobility and clergy so the king doubled the third estate's vote but the king got to make the tie breaker
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| the third estate got...which led to the... | locked out ofthe royal palace...tennis court oath
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| the thid estate became the | national assembly
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| the tennis court oath was used to...and they... | unite the national assembly...swore to write a new constitution
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| the tennis court oath marks the | beginning of the french revolution
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| the third estate/national assembly decides they need | weapons to fight back so they raid the bastille
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| the storming of the bastille happened on | july 14th 1789
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| the bastille was not | supposed to be bloody but it was
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| the sans-culottes were the ones who | did not wear fancy clothes
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| The treaty of utrecht was between | Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand, and representatives of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, the King of Portugal and the United Provinces on the other
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| The treaty of utrecht registered the defeat of | French ambitions expressed in the wars of Louis XIV and preserved the European system based on the balance of power.[1]
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| the emigres were the..who.. | counter revolutionaries...fled paris
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| who were the eimigres | priests, monks, nobility
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| The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the | first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the Absolute Monarchy
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| One of the basic precepts of the const of 1791 was adopting ...following the steps of the | constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty...United States of America
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| the september massacres occurred after the mob failed to...so they...and around how many people were killed | lynch the royal fam of louis xvi...raid the prison to find emigres to kill...1200
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| supporters of using fear as a tactic to conform include | george danton and maximillian robespierre
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| george danton was head of the...and led the... | committee of public safety...reign of terror
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| robespierre was part of the...which was the image of...and he did a lot of... | paris commune...french revolution...killing
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| The Committee of Public Safety was created by the | national french convention
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| The Committee of Public Safetyassumed its role of .. | protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion
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| when...was executed...during..it lead to the... | robespierre...thermidor l'an II...thermidorian reaction
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| the thermidorian reaction begins the...and is when the...and also leads of the...get... | third stage of french revolution...ocmmittee of public safety is dishanded...paris commune...arrested/executed
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| the directory is a...that is the... | five man committee...executive office instead of the king
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| the directy established a...where there was a... | bicameral legislature...council of elders (upper house) and council of 500
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| in the declaration of....who tries to restore... | verona...louis xviii...the old regime and punish the revolutionaries
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| the declaration of verona leads to the | directory
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| emmanuel joseph sieyes was known as the...who was a... | abbe d'sieyes...clergyman and a politician of the third estate
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| abbe d'sieyes wanted | moderation/equality for all citizens
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| gracchus babeauf - think of | gracchus brothers
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| gracchus was involved in the...and he wanted to... | conspiracy of equals (paris commune)..redistribute land from first/second estates
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| gracchus was | executedin 1795 for treason
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| during the...napolean bonaparte causes... | seige of toulon...british to retreat so he is seen as ahero
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| napolean becomes a | jacobin but he wasn't part of the terror
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| napolean fires the...which restores... | whift of grapeshot...order in paris and kills 400
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| in the election of 1747, all...and the nobility... | males could vote (first attempt at republic election)...win majority and want to bring back monarchy
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| the election of 1747 gets..and leads to t he... | cancelled by the directory...coup d'etat of fruetidor
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| the coup d'etat of freutidorwas a..led by... | military overtake of government..general angereau
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| after the coup d'etat of freutidor...is given command of forces to... | napolean..invade britain
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| the xyz affair was when the...so the us sends... | us ships were being held by france for trading with britain also...an ambassador to go to france to negotiate and the directory demands a bribe from the us
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| in the start of the fourth stage of the french revolution, the...occurred where... | coup d'etat of 18 brumaire...napolean invades directory and pushes them out
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| after the coup d'etat,napolean is known as the | hero of the republic
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| after the coup d'etat, the constitution...leads to the... | l'an viii..the consolate (3 consuls)
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| napolean is the | premier consul
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| the..approve of the constitution l'an viii | plebicites
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| with the establishment of the constition of...napolean declares... | 1804../himself the emporer
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| the treaty of tilsit was the...and ends with... | high point of napoleans career...prussia joined confederation of the rhine and russia joins the continental system
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| members of the continental system can't | trade with britain
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| the tennis court oath leads to the formation of the..and eventually the... | national constituent assembly...the constitution of 1791
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| the storming of the bastille is commemorated as the | french national day
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| sans cullottes describes that part of...which wore more... | french urban society...practical work clothes and not the fashionable short trousers or cullottes
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| sans cullottes were the...who made up the core of the group which becomes the... | journeymen and apprentices...paris mob and the paris commune later in french revolution
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| the september massacres by the members of..such as the...helped to increase the poewr of the...and undermine the... | radical factions...jacobins and girondists....national convention...legislative assembly
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| the beginning of the reign of terror is marked by the | trial and execution of louis xvi
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| concordat of 1801 is when the....can be...and the...are.. | catholics...priests again...clergy..employees of state
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| clergy must | take an oath to the state
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| napolean comes up with the...and basically says... | constitution of 1804...the republic shall be entrusted to an emporer
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| napolean after he creates the constitution of 1804, he invades..where an... | baden..army is building
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| when napolean invades baden, ...gets captured and... | duke of enghein (member of the bourbon family)...excecuted
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| france was...and eruope was... | happy about napolean killling enghein...forms an alliance against napolean
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| third coalition was...vs.. | britain, austria and german states...napolean
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| thid coalition involved the...also known as... | battle of trafolgan...crossing of the t
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