Nematodes
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| What is the intestinal nematode that looks like a “white snake”? | show 🗑
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| show | Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hook worms)
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| show | Stronglyoides stercoralis
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| Which nematode is nearest eradication? | show 🗑
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| show | Onchocerca volvulus
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| show | 1. Host susceptibility 2. Helminth virulence 3. Worm burden
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| show | Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria philippinensis, and Hymenolepis nana
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| Which drug has the broadest spectrum against intestinal helminths? | show 🗑
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| show | It has a similar spectrum but less favorable pharmacodynamics
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| show | Ivermectin
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| How is infection with Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| show | fever, cough, chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing. High eosinophil count in sputum and blood. Chest xray may show opacities.
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| show | Consuming food contaminated with egss
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| Describe the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides. | show 🗑
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| What is Loeffler's syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | larvae migrate through the blood stream to the lungs
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| How to Ascaris lumbricoides larvae infect the bowel? | show 🗑
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| How long after infection does the host begin shedding eggs? | show 🗑
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| How many eggs do adult worms produce? | show 🗑
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| What are the symptoms of Ascaris lumbricoides infection of the bowel? | show 🗑
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| True/False: heavy infection with Ascaris or other intestinal helminths have been associated with malnutrition and mental cognitive retardation. | show 🗑
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| what are the medical treatments for Ascaris lumbricoides? | show 🗑
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| show | Endoscopic extraction and sphincteroplasty or medical treatment
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| What are the two hookworms? | show 🗑
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| show | Contact with fecally contaminated soil, and infectious filariform larvae invade their skin
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| show | Identification of ova in stool
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| show | Albendazole or alternatively: mebendazole, pyrental pamoate but NOT ivermectin.
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| show | filariform larvae penetrate intact skin or gut, larvae migrate to lungs through bloodstream, coughed up and swallowed. adults live in bowel, eggs are excreted in stool, rhabditiform larvae develop in soil over 7-10d
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| How big are hookworms in the gut? | show 🗑
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| How long do hookworms live in the gut? | show 🗑
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| show | 0.03-0.2ml blood/day
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| show | acute: abdominal pain chronic: anemia Also: migrating larvae elicit fever, cough, chest pain, dyspnea, eosinophilia,
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| How do hookworms infect neonates? | show 🗑
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| What determine the level of anemia in hookworm infected people? | show 🗑
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| show | southeaster US, tropical and subtropical developing areas
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| show | False
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| show | It has the capacity for autoinfection
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| show | up to 30 cm. look like earthworms
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| show | 1-2 years
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| How is pulmonary infection with Strongyloides stercoralis different than the other intestinal nematodes? | show 🗑
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| Describe the life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis. | show 🗑
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| How do persons infected with Strongyloides stercoralis present? | show 🗑
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| show | Colitis, polymicrobial sepsis, pneumonitis, meningitis
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| show | titers of parasite specific IgE correlate with resistance to infection
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| show | filariform larvae penetrate perianal skin or bowel mucosa and cause pruritic larva currens and eosinophilia
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| show | Larger numbers of filariform larvae develop and can disseminate causing hyperinfection.
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| How is diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis made? | show 🗑
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| What is the drug of choice for Strongyloides stercoralis? | show 🗑
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| Where is Enterobious vermicularis endemic? | show 🗑
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| What age range is Enterobious vermicularis most prevalant? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Uterine contraction, death and disintergration of adult worm 3. Disruption of worms during scratching
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| How does the ovum of the pinworm adhere to objects? | show 🗑
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| show | Ingestion of ova
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| show | Irriation/infection of perianal and perineal skin.
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| show | They can develop vulvovaginitis when worms migrate to the vagina. Also they can develop urinary tract infection
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| Where do female pinworms go at the time of oviposition? | show 🗑
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| If this worms causes a granulomatous reaction in the peritoneum, it may be confused with metastatic carcinoma. | show 🗑
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| show | Persons with AIDS
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| show | Ingestion of inadequately cooked meat containing infective larvae.
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| show | T. native
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| show | Trichinella spiralis
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| show | larval invasion of the intestinal mucosa causes nausea, vomitin, abdominal pain, diarrhea
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| How long after infection with Trichinella spiralis does the systemic phase start? | show 🗑
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| show | fever, myalgias, facial or periorbital edema, headache, conjunctivitis, and occasionally a rash. Extraocular muscles often affected. sometimes cardia and CNS involvement
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| How is trichinosis different amon the native Inuit of northern Canada? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. presentation and history 2. Creatinine phosphokinase elevation 3. anti-Trichinella antibodies 3wks after infection 4. muscle biopsy rarely necessary
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| What is the treatment for trichinosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Cook pork or potentially contaminated meat to at least 76.6C (170F) Also freezing can kill Trichinella spp. except T. nativa
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| Name two nematodes that cause cutaneous larva migrans | show 🗑
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| show | serpiginous, papulovesicular, erythematous, pruritic lesions
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| What causes the rash of cutaneous larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| show | Tropical and subtropical areas of the Caribbean, Africa and Latin America. In North America: along Gulf of Mexico and southern Atlantic coasts.
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| show | contact with infected soil in playgrounds, beaches or crawl spaces
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| What is the treatment for cutaneous larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| show | A caninum, the dog hookworm
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| show | Eosinophilic infiltration of intestinal wall, aphthous ulceration of the ileum, regional lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia
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| How is the diagnosis of eosinophilic enteritis made? | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment for A. caninum causing eosinophilic enteritis? | show 🗑
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| show | Toxocara canis or toxocara cati
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| show | Ingestion of ova originating in animal feces.
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| What historical clues would make you suspect a pt has visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| show | The helminthes are unable to complete their life cycle in humans so their larvae wander through various organs
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| What are symptoms of visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| show | Hepatomegaly, pneumonitis or dermatitis
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| T/F Ocular toxocariasis can present with an intraocular mass suggestive of retinoblastoma. | show 🗑
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| show | Eosinophilia, elevated IgE
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| What is the characteristic pathologic lesion of visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| What is the triad highly suggestive for visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| show | Visceral larva migrans
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| show | MR or ultrasound for hepatic granulomas, anti-Toxocara antibody detection, isohemagglutinins against AB blood group antigens
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| What is the treatment for visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| What are preventative strategies against Toxocara cani/cati infections? | show 🗑
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