Midterm Review
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| Machiavelli | wrote The Prince ~ civic humanist ~ wrote to get back in the de Medici's good graces ~ whatever means necessary ~ function of ruler=maintain order and security
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| Thomas Malthus | wrote Essay on the Principle of Population ~ population would tend to grow faster than the food supply ~ population should be restrained by marrying later in life
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| David Ricardo | "iron law of wages" ~ population growth caused wages to stay at the subsistence level
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| Otto von Bismarck | one of the most significant political figures in German history since Martin Luther ~ Prussian minister and imperical chancellor ~ used realpolitik to unify Germany ~ nicknamed "Iron Chancellor"
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| Thomas More | Utopia ~ wrote about human corruption
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| Erasmus | knowledge of Greek and the Bible ~ The Praise of Folly-satire of worldly wisdom and plea for Christian faith of children ~ addition to the Greek New Testament ~ 2 themes: education to return and study Bible and classics; Christianity is an inner attitude
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| Leonardo da Vinci | "Renaissance Man" ~ multitalented engineer, inventor, sculptor, and painter
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| Jean Jacques Rousseau | Swiss-French ~ wrote The Social Contract ~ wanted direct democracy in which every citizen works to achieve a "general will"
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| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | French financial minister ~ genius ~ central principle: wealth and economy should serve the state (mercantilism)
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| Lorenzo de'Medici | wealthy banking family who ruled in Florence as an oligarchy ~ produced 3 popes and sponsored Brunelleschi
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| Martin Luther | wrote "95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences" ~ an ordained priest ~ professor at University of Wittenberg ~ started the Lutheran religion ~ Diet of Worms-wouldn't take back his ideas which named him a heretic
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| Robespierre | on Committee of Public Safety ~ led Reign of Terror (1793-94) ~ leader of radical Jacobins ~ eventually guillotined
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| Klemins von Metternich | Austrian diplomat ~ principal negotiation and dominant mentor of the Congress of Vienna ~ supported restoration of monarchy ~ stifled liberalism and rationalism ~ Austrian
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| Napoleon Bonaparte | general in the French Army ~ leader in the 1799 coup to overthrow the Directory ~ eventual emperor of the French Empire
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| Johann Gutenbuerg | inventor of the printing press and Gutenberg Bible
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| Magellan | Portuguese mariner ~ sailed across the Pacific Ocean and named it ~ circumnavigated the world ~ left with 5 ships and 270 men: returned with 1 ship and 18 men
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| Baron de Montesquieu | The Persian Letters - socail satire consisting of letters written by Usbek and Rica, two visitors ~ The Spirit of Laws - seperation of powers between classes
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| Cardinal Mazarin | chief minister for the 4 year old, Louis XIV - tried to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war.
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| John Calvin | believed God selected him to reform the church ~ built a religion ruled by God through civil magistrates and reformed ministers ~ wrote The Institutes of Christian Religion ~ absolute sovereighty of God and total weakness of humanity
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| John Locke | Second Treatise of Civil Government ~ government oversteps natural rights of life, liberty, and property ~ The Essay Concerning Human Understanding - tubula roussa blank slate
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| Adam Smith | Scottish economist ~ laissez - faire ~ invisible hand; competition regulates; Wealth of Nations
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| Name each of the three estates | 1. First Estate – clergy
Second Estate – nobility
Third Estate – peasantry/everyone else
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| Galileo | 2. He was charged with heresy in 1633 because he supported Copernicus’s idea of a heliocentric universe in his “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.” He was put in house arrest for life.
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| Women's role in society | 3. Lots of women went into the field of science but were excluded from universities, so they were forced to obtain a formal education. European noble women could take part in the informal scientific networks of their fathers and brothers. Margaret Cavend
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| Who built the palace of Versailles | Louis XIV built the palace at Versailles in 1682.
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| War of roses | 5. War of the Roses was between Lancaster (red) and York (white) for the throne of England. Lancaster’s Henry Tutor won. 1455-1485
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| Thomas more | Thomas Moore wrote Utopia which is based on human corruption.
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| 7. The French monarchy was bankrupt after expensive wars. Louis XVI had to call the state’s general which made them seem weak. A rebellion ignited in the lower and middle classes and the monarchy couldn’t pay troops to squash the rebellion.
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| Adam smith | 8. Adam Smith supported the concept of the invisible hand which was that the government didn’t intervene in the economy except to see that laws were being followed. Competition regulated the market.
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| Finance and trade center in 17 century | 9. Amsterdam was the center of finance and trade in the early 17th century.
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| Edict of Nantes | 10. The Edict of Nantes granted the ability to publicly worship Calvinism which helped to restore peace to France and paved the way for French Absolutism.
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| Communism | 11. Communism is a classless society in which everyone contributes according to his own ability and receives according to his needs. He believed that all governments and society would become communist after capitalism.
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| Iron and blood by speech | 12. Bismarck’s speech marks the beginning of modern imperialism which reflected the attitude that war was more important to the state democracy.
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| Communist manifesto | 13. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels co-authored Communist Manifesto.
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| Congress of Vienna purpose | 14. The Congress of Vienna was created to establish country boundaries, decided who would rule, and discuss the future of international relations.
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| C of V participants | Russia – Tsar Alexander I
Prussia – King Frederick William III
England – Charles Talleyrand
France – Viscount Castlereagh
Austria – Klemins von Metternich (main negotiator and dominant member)
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| Franco Prussian | • Conflict between France and Prussia
• Rise of Prussian militarism and imperialism
• Provoked by Bismarck
• Used as a tool to unify Germany
• France lost
• Treaty of Frankfurt
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| Austro Prussian | • Seven weeks war
• Prussia won
• Orchestrated by Bismarck to unify the northern German states
• Treaty of Prague
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| Danish war | • Military conflict between Prussia and Austria versus Denmark
• First step in Bismarck’s building of a German empire
• Treaty of Vienna
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| Quad alliance | Austria, Prussia, Russia, England
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| Holy Alliance | Austria, Prussia, Russia
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| Significance of 1848 rev | 17. 1848 was the point in history where history failed to turn because of all the failed revolutions.
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| Enclosure movement | the subdivision of common land for individual ownership in England.
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| Continental system | prevented European countries from trading with Great Britain in an order to weaken the British economy but actually weakened the European mainland because they couldn’t get what England produced.
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| How did Napoleon get into office | 20. Napoleon was a general in the army, so he gathered his division and enacted the coup d’état and overthrew the Directory.
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| Moderate stage - d | (1789-1792)
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| Moderate stage | replaces monarchy with the republic (Tennis Court Oath, Storming of the Bastille, Declaration of the Rights of Man)
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| Radical dates | (1793-1794)
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| Radical stage | Eliminate monarchists (Reign of Terror, September Massacres)
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| Reactionary date | (1795-1799)
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| Reactionary stage | Getting rid of Robespierre (Thermidorian Reaction, Directory)
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| Napoleonic date | (1800-1815)
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| Napoleonic stage | Napoleonic Empire
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| Glorious rev | the king served at the pleasure of parliament, religious toleration for all Protestants, and William and Mary were forced to sign the English Bill of Rights.
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| Thirty year war | 23. Bohemian (1618-1625), Danish (1625-1629), Swedish (1630-1635), French (1635-1648)
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| Star chamber | to enforce a religious or ideological dogma by prosecuting and punishing heretics. the Spanish carried it out the harshly.
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| Dutch east India co | 25. The Dutch East India Company controlled the Indian spice trade route. It was the first multinational company and the first company to issue stock.
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| Place Martin Luther posted 95 thesis+ complaints | 26. Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses in Wittenberg, Germany. His main issue with the church was over indulgences and the idea that you could get into heaven by good works rather than by faith.
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| Why was Martin Luther considered a heretic? | 27. The church didn’t agree with what Luther was saying, so they asked him to retract his statement but he declined. This caused the Edict of Worms to declare Luther a heretic.
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| Who supported artists? | 28. Patrons
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| Qualities a govern should have | 29. A Machiavellian ruler should maintain order and security, be feared rather than loved but not hated, and should use whatever means necessary to achieve his goals with a centralized government.
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| Who wrote the leviathan | 30. Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan. People in general are not good and need a governing body to be controlled. He had a pessimistic view of human nature.
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| Voltaire | Satire ~ religious toleration ~ wrote philosophical letters ~ liked English stable government
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