The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
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| ANS regulates .. | ...fundamental life sustaining functions
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| ANS manages .. | ..processes responsible for homeostasis and survival
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| ANS is a visceral ... | ..motor nervous system
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| ANS controls... | ..glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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| ANS target organs are.. | ..viscera of the thorax and abdomino-pelvic cavities, body wall, and skin
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| Visceral reflex | unconscious, automatic, stereotyped response to stimuli
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| Reflex Arc | Receptors afferent neurons to the CNS interneurons in the CNS efferent neurons effectors
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| The SNS and PNS often innervate.. | ...the same target organs and may have cooperative or contrasting effects on them
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| Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) | Adapts the body for physical activity (fight-or-flight)
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| SNS | .Occurs when involved in arousal, exercise, competition, stress, danger, trauma, anger, and fear
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) | It has a calming effect on body functions (resting and digesting)
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| PNS | It is associated with reduced energy expenditure and normal body maintenance
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| Autonomic tone | the balance between the SNS tone and PNS tone which shifts according to the body’s changing needs
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| ANS components | nuclei in the hypothalamus and brainstem, motor neurons in the spinal cord, peripheral ganglia, cranial and spinal nerves
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| Preganglionic fiber | axon that leads from a soma in the brainstem or spinal cord to the autonomic ganglion
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| Postganglionic fiber | axon of a soma in the ganglion that goes to the target cells
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| Synapse is between .. | ...Pre and Post neurons in the ganglion
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| SMS innervates.. | ..skeletal muscle and is voluntary
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| SMS uses... | ..one nerve fiber from the CNS to the effector and has no ganglion
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| The Sympathetic Division | (thoraco-lumbar)
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| Preganglionic fibers SMS | somas are in the spinal cord T1-L2, axons go to the sympathetic chain of the paravertebral ganglia
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| Paravertebral ganglia | series of ganglia adjacent to the vertebral from cervical to coccygeal level
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| Spinal nerve route | fibers exit the ganglion and return to a spinal nerve that innervates the skin structures and skeletal muscles
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| Sympathetic nerve route | fibers exit by way of sympathetic nerves which innervate the head and thoracic cavity
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| Splanchnic nerve route | preganglionic fibers pass through the ganglia and synapse in the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia which innervate organs of the abdomino-pelvic cavity
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| Adrenal glands | rest on top of the kidneys
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| The adrenal medulla | is stimulated by preganglionic fibers and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| The Parasympathetic Division | (craniosacral division)
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| Preganglionic fibers PNS | somas are in the brainstem and the spinal cord, their axons travel in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and S2-S4 to target organs
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| Preganglionic fibers end in.. | ..terminal ganglia in or near the target organ and synapse with post ganglionic fibers
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| Enteric nervous system | nervous system of the digestive tract
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| ENS innervates.. | ..smooth muscles and glands of the esophagus down to the colon to regulate motility and secretion of enzymes
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| The SNS and PNS can have.. | ..different effects on an single organ
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| SNS and PNS fibers ... | ..secrete different neurotransmitters
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| Target cells respond .. | ..in different ways to a neurotransmitter
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| Ach from cholinergic fibers is ... | ..secreted by all preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers of all PNS and the SNS that innervate sweat glands and blood vessels
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| Muscarinic receptors | on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells with differing results
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| Nicotinic receptors | on postganglionic cells in autonomic ganglionic, cells of the adrenal medulla and on skeletal muscle cells with excitatory results
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| Norepinephrine | secreted by all SNS postganglionic (adrenergic) fibers
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| Choligernic Receptors | Muscarinic and Nicotinic
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| Alpha- adrenergic receptors | usually excitatory but does inhibit intestinal motility
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| Beta-adrenergic receptors | usually inhibitory, but does excite the cardiac muscle
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| Sympathetic effects last longer than parasympathetic effects because .. | ..Ach is broken down quickly whereas NE can enter the blood stream and last for several minutes
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| Dual innervation | most viscera receive innervation from both divisions
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| Antagonistic effects | oppose each other either at the same effector cells or different effector cells with opposite effects
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| Cooperative effects | SNS and PNS act on different effectors to produce a unified overall effect
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| ANS opposite effects ... | ..on an organ with SNS
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| The adrenal medulla, pilorector muscles, sweat glands and many BV, have only .. | ..SNS fibers
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| Vasomotor tone | baseline sympathetic tone which keeps vessels partially constricted
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| Increase in firing rate ... | ..constricts a vessel by increasing smooth muscle contraction
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| Decrease in firing rate.. | ...dilates a vessel by allowing the smooth muscle to relax
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| Cerebral cortex | the limbic system which is involved in emotions provides a pathway connecting sensory and mental experiences with the ANS
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| Hypothalamus | major control center of the visceral motor system
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| Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata | house autonomic nuclei, output travels via spinal cord and cranial nerves III, VIII, IX, X
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| Spinal cord | Spinal cord- integrates autonomic reflexes such as urination and defecation
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