Final Exam Prof Prac Flashcards
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| what is pharmaceutical compounding? | show 🗑
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| show | Compounding pursuant to 1) a specific patient, 2)for a specific prescription and 3) for one dispensing of the medication (does not apply to batching, manufacturing, or refills compounded at the same time)
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| What is batching? (in terms of pharmaceutical compounding) | show 🗑
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| What is manufacturing? (in terms of pharmaceutical compounding) | show 🗑
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| show | lozenges, pills, tablets (uncommon), charts, powder capsules, liquid capsules (uncommon)
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| show | 1) drug or dosage form not commercially available
2)dose unavailable
3)patient comfort and compliance (taste)
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| What are the prohibitions to pharmaceutical compounding? | show 🗑
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| show | the extent to which a prescription preparation remains within specified limits in terms of: chemical composition, physical composition, and microbiologic activity/contamination
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| What general considerations must be taken into account when formulating and assigning expiration dates to extemporaneously compounded pharmaceutical preparations? | show 🗑
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| What is the most important consideration with respect to the storage of pharmaceutical preparations? | show 🗑
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| show | substances present in the formulation which exist for their direct effect on the patient
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| show | substances present in a formulation which exist solely for their effect on the product
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| Can an ingredient have both active and inactive properties? If so how should it be classified? | show 🗑
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| show | particle size reduction. (has different ranges of particle sizes than pulverization)
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| What is trituration? | show 🗑
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| What is a trituration? | show 🗑
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| show | visually duplicating an equivalent mass and combining.
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| show | Indicated when mass of powders to be mixed differs by a factor GREATER THAN 3 (if =3 do not need to)
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| What is a eutectic? | show 🗑
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| show | optimum ratio of masses, room temperature, substance melting points, fineness of particle size
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| show | interference with crystalline structure
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| What is efflorescence? | show 🗑
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| show | hygroscopic (subject to moisturization) but will dissolve and form a water based solution. Ex: lithium bromide
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| show | powders subject to moisturization from ambient humidity. (affinity for water, will absorb water from air)
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| Be able to derive the Sensitivity of a balance from MWQ and vice versa for a given desired tolerance | show 🗑
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| show | Male: 50 + (2.3* inches over 5')
Female: 45.5 + (2.3* inches over 5')
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| show | 2.205 lb = 1 kg
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| show | 1 in = 2.54 cm
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| show | M: (140-age)*IBW / 72*SCr
F: M eq * 0.85
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| Know the BSA equation and how to use a BSA nomogram | show 🗑
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| show | bulk powders, capsules, charts, tablets(compressed powder)
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| show | capsules, charts, tablets (compressed powders)
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| show | -dissolve/disintegrate in mouth
-local (oral) drug delivery usually
-pastilles (soft, high sugar)
-troches (relatively small)
-analgesics, anesthetics, antimicrobial
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| basic characteristics of pills | show 🗑
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| basic characteristics of tablets | show 🗑
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| show | -contains specific dose of medication
-loose powder in a paper envelope
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| show | -solid and non-rigid
-shell usually molded gelatin
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| show | -nonsolid and non-rigid
-can extemporaneously compound, but not common
-need to use liquid that will not dissolve capsule - some alcohols (not EtOH, fixed oil, volatile oil)
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| basic characteristics of gel capsules | show 🗑
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| Rule of 7s (backward and forward) | show 🗑
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| show | mass/dose
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| show | mass of drug/mass of product (concentration, %w/w)
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| What physical forms may potentially be found as ingredients in commercially available capsules? | show 🗑
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| show | powders. liquids are uncommon
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| show | custom dosing, multiple drugs in one capsule, easy to swallow, taste concealment, rapid drug release
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| What is an excipient? | show 🗑
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| show | X g of drug in Y g or ml of product (X:Y)
1: Y = 1 g of drug for every Y g or ml of product
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| show | g/100 ml
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| % w/w | show 🗑
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| % v/w | show 🗑
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| % v/v | show 🗑
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| Freezer/frozen temperature | show 🗑
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| show | 8 degrees C or less
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| Refrigerated** temperature | show 🗑
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| show | 8 = 15 degrees C
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| Room temperature ** | show 🗑
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| show | 30 - 40 degrees C
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| excessive heat | show 🗑
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| all liquid dosage forms | show 🗑
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| show | all ingredients are molecularly dispersed, does not need to be maintained by shaking.
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| definition of a solute | show 🗑
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| show | base liquid, pure or mixture of miscible liquids, contains no active ingredients
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| USP definition of solution | show 🗑
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| functional definition of solution | show 🗑
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| Basic characteristics of a true pharmaceutical syrup | show 🗑
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| show | -dose determined by volume measurement
-precise dosing (custom dosing)
-nonstandard dosing easy (ex: pediatric)
-easy to swallow
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| dosage for examples, which are solutions | show 🗑
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| disadvantages of liquid dosage forms compared to solid (5) | show 🗑
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| stability of active ingredients in a liquid dosage form compared to dry dosage forms or suspensions | show 🗑
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| examples of water soluble dissociable ionic substances | show 🗑
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| show | glucose
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| definiition of solubility | show 🗑
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| show | freely soluble, sparingly soluble, very slightly soluble
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| exact solubility notation | show 🗑
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| show | a combination of 2 or more substances where the melting point is less than that of any part when taken alone
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| can a solution be part of a suspension | show 🗑
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| can a suspension be part of a solution | show 🗑
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| can a syrup be part of a suspension? | show 🗑
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| can a suspension be part of a syrup? | show 🗑
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| various routes of administration for solution | show 🗑
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| show | Sq, IM, rectal, ophthalmic, otic, topical
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| show | IV,intrathecal, epidural = not safe for suspensions
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| show | intrathecal preparations, never use bacteriostatic water for injection. preservatives will destroy motor neurons and permanently paralyze
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| show | suspending agents not required, easily absorbed
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| disadvantage of solutions in respect to suspensions | show 🗑
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| what is the general effect of temperature on a solution system | show 🗑
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| what is meant by saturation in a solution system | show 🗑
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| show | 2 liquids soluble in each other in all proportions
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| show | 94.9% w/v ethyl alcohol
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| show | Maximum alcohol content in OTC products: Children <6 years old = 0.5%, 6-12 years = 5%, >12 years 10%
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| mg % | show 🗑
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| show | not needed for patients but RPh may need to shake to prepare
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| Shaking suspensions? | show 🗑
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| 20% rule? | show 🗑
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| difference between a volumetric measuring device and a holding vessel | show 🗑
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| be able to convert between mg % and ratio strength | show 🗑
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| what is the simplest form of ratio strength | show 🗑
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| show | X parts + Z parts = Ytotal
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| show | X:Y, and X:Z where X parts + Z parts = Y total
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| know the concept of equivalence | show 🗑
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| show | g/mol
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| show | g/Eq
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| what is an equivalent? | show 🗑
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| isotonic | show 🗑
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| show | less osmolarity
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| hypertonic | show 🗑
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| preservation paradox for syrups | show 🗑
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| show | water available that is not involved in solubilizing the sugar
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| know the effect of temperature on free water | show 🗑
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| know the effect of increasing solute concentrations on dissolution time | show 🗑
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| show | -sugar may precipitate
-drug may precipitate
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| show | -increase in free water
-microbial growth
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| show | 4.64 ml. 89.14g/100ml-85g/100ml = 4.14 g/100 ml. how much water is represented by 4.14 g : 4.14 g* 100ml water/89.14 g = 4.64 ml
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| show | 85% w/v sucrose in water
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| show | 80% w/v sucrose, 47.5% v/v cherry juice, 2% v/v EtOH
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| show | mass of x / mass of water for equiv volume
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| units of specific gravity | show 🗑
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| show | g/ml
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| show | add units g/ml to specific gravity
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| show | preservative, emulsifier, sedative (usually undesired side effect), rarely included for pharmacological effect
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| cautions of EtOH in liquid dosage forms | show 🗑
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| examples of syrup vehicles | show 🗑
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| show | liquid preparations that consist of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in which particles are not completely soluble
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| Purpose for suspensions as liquid dosage forms | show 🗑
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| show | when using a capsule or tablet drug source
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| Suspending agent | show 🗑
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| examples of suspending agents | show 🗑
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| micron gauge (hedgeman wedge) | show 🗑
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| nested sieves | show 🗑
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| Factors that affect sedimentation rate/time | show 🗑
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| show | inverse. as settling rate decreases settling time increases
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| show | velocity proportional to g * radius * (difference in densities) all over viscosity
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| show | long sedimentation time, but difficult to break up if a cake is formed
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| show | short sedimentation time, but redisperses easily
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| Know the USP definition for lotions | show 🗑
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| Know the British pharmacopeia definition for lotions | show 🗑
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| In what set(s) of liquid dosages forms may lotions potentially be found | show 🗑
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| show | liquid preparation containing 1+ chemical substances dissolved(molecularly dispersed) in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
Solute dissolved in a solvent
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| Suspensions | show 🗑
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| Emulsions | show 🗑
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| What are intertriginous areas | show 🗑
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| show | Applies to powders which are insoluble in the qs media
The wetting of an insoluble powder agent in a minimal amount of qs media or levigating agent forming a smooth homogenous paste
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| show | Facilitated transfer of a substance from one vessel to another through a series of repeated washings with the qs media.
Always done prior to qsing
Applies to agents both soluble and insoluble in the qs media
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| What is creaming? | show 🗑
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| show | Merging of droplets, separation of phases
Usually irreversible
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| Be familiar with some common ingredients that could be found in a lotion | show 🗑
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| show | The droplets, or micelles
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| show | The suspension medium that the droplets float around in
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| show | Oil droplets in a water phase
Passes conductivity test
When oil added to it, it is not additive
When water added to it, it is additive
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| What is an water in oil emulsion | show 🗑
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| what is an emulsifier? | show 🗑
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| show | They have polar and nonpolar sides that line up at the water and oil interfaces
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| show | Added energy through trituration or homogenization creating small droplets of one liquid phase in another and static charge around those droplets
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| Know the definition for homogenization | show 🗑
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| Know some examples of commercially available pharmaceutical emulsions | show 🗑
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| show | 4 parts mineral oil
2 parts water
1 part acacia
Refine acacia in mortar, add oil to acacia (2secs) and mix, add water, mix rapidly until viscous
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| show | Oil in water passes
Water and oil fails
Only a water continuous phase will conduct
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| show | Water will be additive to the oil in water, but not the water in oil
Oil will be additive to the water in oil but not that oil in water
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| What factors contribute to the viscosity of an emulsion? | show 🗑
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| avogadros number | show 🗑
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| When should a substance be incorporated into the internal phase of an emulsion in general? | show 🗑
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| show | External: active ingredients usually in external phase (touch skin)
External use = water in oil (want emollient effect)
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| show | Calcium hydroxide solution 3g/1000ml
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| show | Hydrophile-lipophile balance
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| show | Calcium oleate
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| show | Acacia
Tragacanth
Xanthan gum
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| Surfactants | show 🗑
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| What range of HLB values tend to form water in oil emulsions | show 🗑
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| show | 9 – 20 HIGH END = oil in water
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| 1 pt = x oz | show 🗑
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| 1 qt = x pts = x ozs | show 🗑
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| show | 1 gallon = 4 qts = 8 pts = 128 ozs
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| 1 apoth oz = x g | show 🗑
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| 1 avoir oz = x g | show 🗑
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| show | 1 oz = 29.57ml
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| x gr/g | show 🗑
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| show | 3
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| valence of magnesium chloride | show 🗑
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| valence of magnesiumsulfate | show 🗑
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