Anatomy. Final.
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| The kidneys are considered retroperitoneal organs. What does this mean? | They lie outside the peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity.
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| The outer portion of the kidney substance is known as the: | cortex
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| The cone shaped structures located in the medulla of the kidney are known as | renal pyramids
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| The structure that empties immediately into the ureters is called the | renal pelvis
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| What is the functional unit of the kidney | Nephron
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| The site of filtration is known as | Glomerulus
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| After passing through the ascending loop of Henle the filtrate passes into which part of the tubular system | Distal convoluted tubule
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| Nephrons that have short loops which do not extend deeply into the medulla are called | cortical nephrons.
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| 9. All of the cells and tissues through which the filtrate must at the glomerulus are known collectively as the | : filtration membrane.
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| Blood leaves the glomerulus through the | efferent arteriole.
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| Renin is secreted from the area known as the | macula densa or juxtaglomerular apparatus
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| 12. The proximal and distal convoluted tubules are located in which portion of the kidney? | Cortex
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| Which structures line the proximal tubules? | Microvilli
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| When substances move from the tubular lumen into the bloodstream it is known as: | tubular reabsorption.
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| When substances move from the blood stream into the tubular lumen it is known as | tubular secretion.
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| The part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is called the: | renal fraction
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| The part of the plasma that is filtered in the glomerulus each minute is called the | filtration fraction.
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| The amount of filtrate produced each minute is known as: | glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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| Net filtration pressure in the glomerulus is approximately | 10 mm Hg
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| The hydrostatic pressure driving filtration in the glomerulus is due to: | blood pressure.
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| The two forces that oppose filtration pressure in the glomerulus are | colloid osmotic pressure and capsular pressure
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| The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine have what effect on GFR? | Decrease it.
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| Approximately how much of the filtrate is reabsorbed? | 99%
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| Most of the energy for reabsorption of larger molecules is provided by the movement of which ion across the proximal tubule membrane? | Sodium
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| Define osmosis | . Movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
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| Which portion of the loop of Henle is highly permeable to water? | Thick descending limb
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| What happens to solutes in the thick ascending limb? | Actively transported out of lumen
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| Is the renal medulla more or less concentrated than the fluid in the loop of Henle | More
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| What effect does increasing the water permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct have on urine volume? | It decreases volume
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| The modification of molecules by the liver to increase their water solubility is called: | conjugation
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| Changes in blood pressure are detected by | baroreceptors
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| Renin causes the conversion of what substance into Angiotensin I? | Angiotensinogen
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| Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by: | angiotensin converting enzyme
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| Angiotensin II causes the release of which hormone from the adrenal gland? | aldosterone
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| The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system has what effect on blood pressure? | raises it
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| Anti-diuretic hormone is released from the: | posterior pituitary gland
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| What effect does ADH have on urine production? | decrease
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| What effect does ADH have on blood pressure? | increase
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| Which hormone is involved in diabetes mellitus? | insulin
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| Insufficient ADH production can result in a disease called: | diabetes insipidus
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| Glomerular filtration rate is often measured using a substance called: | inulin
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| What is tubular load? | The amount of a substance that is filtered.
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| Define tubular maximum | The amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed by the tubules
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| If tubular load exceeds tubular maximum what will be the result with regard to the urine. | Some of the substance will be secreted.
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| If tubular maximum exceeds tubular load what will be the result with regard to the urine. | None of the substance will be excreted.
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| What tubes lead from the kidneys to the bladder? | Ureters
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| What tube carries the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body? | Urethra
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| Which urethral sphincter muscle is under voluntary control? | External
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| Define micturition | Elimination of urine from the bladder.
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| What effect does aging have on the number of glomeruli? | They decrease.
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