conducting-resoiratory zones
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| what is the function of te respiratory system | -supply body w/oxygen and co2 -regulation of acid-base balance (gas exchange) -production of sound/speech -filtering inspired air
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| whata are the 4 distinct processes of te respiratory system | -pulmonary ventilation -external respiration -internal respiration -transport of o2 and co2 between luns and tissues
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| what is the function of pulmonary ventilation | move air in and out of the lungs
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| what is the function of external respiration | gas exchange between lungs and tissues
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| what is the function of transporting 02 and co2 | between lungs and tissues involing blood and cardiovascular system (lungs, cardio, blood)
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| what is the function of internal respiration | gas exchange between blood vessels and tissues
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| what of the 4 distinct processses of the respiratory system preform | pulmonary and external respiration
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| the respiratory system is slipt into 2 parts what are they | top-conducting zone bottom-respiratory zone
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| what are the functions of the conducting zone | peovide rigid conduits for air to reach site of gas exchange, includes all respiratory structures
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| what are the respiratory muscles | diaphragm, external/internal intercostals, obilques, abdominis
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| what is the part the nose plays in respiratory system | -only external part -provide air way for moisten, warming, filtering, cleaning, resonating chamber, housing olfactory receptors
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| how does the nose filter and clean air of foreign matters | mucus and cilia of epithelial cells in the lining of nose
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| what houses the olfactory receptors | nose
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| what does the nasal septum do in the nose | divides nose into 2 sides
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| what bones provide roof of the nasal cavity | ethmoid and sphenoid
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| what is the floor of the nasal cavity | hard and soft palates
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| what does the paranasal sinus | lighten the skull, help warm and moisten air
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| what is the pharynx | throat
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| what does the pharynx look like | funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle
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| what does the pharynx connect | -nasal cavity and mouth superiory -larynx and esophagus inferiorly
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| what are the 3 regions of the pharynx | -upper-nasopharynx(posterior to nose) -middle-oropharynx(posterior to mouth) -lower-larynopharynx(connects esophagus and larynx)
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| of the upper pharynx what does the nasopharynx do | air passageway
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| what closes the nasopharynx | uvula and soft palate (to prevent food from entering nasal cavity)
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| what prevents food from entering the nasalpharynx | uvula and solft palate closes
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| where is the pharyngeal tonsil located | high on the posterior wall in the nasopharynx
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| where is the phsryntympanic tubes located | open into the lateral walls of the nasopharynx
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| of the middle pharynx where is the oropharynx located | back of toung and extends inferiorly from the solf palate to the epiglottis
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| what is the part the oropharynx plays in the pharynx | serves as common passageway for food and air
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| where is the palatine and lingual tonsils located | (middle pharynx) in oropharynx
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| of the lower pharynx where is the laryngopharynx located | posterior to epiglottis extends to larynx to digestive pathway
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| of the (lower pharynx) what does the laryngopharynx do | closes top of trachea so no food can enter airways
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| what is the larynx | voice box
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| where is the larynx located | attaches to hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly, down through trachea
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| what are the 3 functions of the larynx | cartilage to keep airway open, switching mechanism for air and food, voice production
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| what are the 4 structures of the larynx | thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, arytenoids
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| of 4 structures of the larynx where is the thyroid cartilage located | above thyroid and parathyroid glands
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| what structures make the theyroid cartilage important | adams apple, ovocal cords strung from and to arytenoids
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| of 4 structures of the larynx what does the epiglottis do | larynx moves up so it covers trachea when swallowing (leaf shaped)
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| of 4 structures of the larynx where is the crioid located | inferior most portion
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| of 4 structures of the larynx where is the arytenoids located | superior to cricoid (paired and small)
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| what do the vocal ligaments attach to | arytenoid and thyroid cartilage
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| what are the vocal ligaments made up of | elastic fibeers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords and false vocal cords
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| what are the true vocal cords | vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
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| where are the true vocal cords located | (bottom) medial opening between them is glottis
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| what vocal cords do you get pitch and volume | true
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| for pitch in males what do the true vocal cords look like | thicker w/more slack
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| for pitch in females what do the true vocal cords look like | thinner and tight
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| how does volume work for vocal cords | how fast the air rushes past -whisper-low wind -yell-high wind
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| where are the false vocal cords located | (top)superior of true cords
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| what are the false vocal cords | mucosal folds that are close to glottis to help keep airways clean no involvement of sound production
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| what is the trachea | windpipe
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| where is the trachea located | anterior to esphagus and thoracic vertabrae, extends from end of larynx to primary bronchi
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| what does the trachea look like | lined w/cilla mucous membrane, smooth muscle, c-shaped rings of cartilage to keep lumen open during exhalation
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| what does the trachea do | traps and moves dust upward
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| what are the structures of the conducting zone | external naris(nose hole), solf palate, internal naris, nasopharynx, uvula, oropharynx, epiglottis, laryngopharynx, false and true vocal cords
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| what are the structures of the respiratory zone | primary,secondary,tertiary bronchi's, bronchioles, termenal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
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| where is the primary bronchi | enter medially into lungs
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| where is the secondary bronchi | branch from primary 1 for each lobe (3 in right, 2 in left)
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| smaller branching in lungs look like | less cartilage and more smooth muscle
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| what can cause bronchodialation | sympathic nerves, epinephrine, medications
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| where is the site of gas exchange | alveoli
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| what are the 3 types of alveoli cells | type I, type II, alveolar macrophages, respiratory macrophages
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| of the 3 type of alveoli cells what do the Type I cells do | single layer of epithelial cells
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| of the 3 type of alveoli cells what do the Type II cells do | secrete surfactant that keeps alveoli from collapsing(lowering surface tension), drying out
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| of the 3 type of alveoli cells what do the alveolar macrophages cells do | cleaners
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| in the aveoli what does the respiratory membrane do | create air blood barrior where gas exchange takes place
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| in the aveoli what is the respiratory membrane composed of | alveolar and capillary walls
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| what are the features of the lungs | right 3 lobes, left 2 lobes, broad bottom, pleural membrane
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| of the lung pleural membrane what does the parietal pleura attach to | diaphragm and lining of thoracic wall
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| what 2 circulations are the lungs perfused by | pulmonary, bronchial
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| what feeds the pulmonary capillary network around alveoli | pulmonary arteries
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| where do the bronchial arteries arise from | aorta
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| what provides systemic blood to lung tissue | bronchial arteries
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| bronchial veins anastomose(join together) w/what veins | pulmonary veins
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| pulmonary ventilation means what (simple) | breathing
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| what are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation | -inspiration(air flows into lungs) -expiration(gases exit the lungs)
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| what is the respiratory pressure atmospheric (Patm) | 760mm/Hg
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| what is intrapulmonary pressure | (Ppul) pressure within the aveoli
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| what is intrapleural pressure | (Pip) pressure within plueural cavity
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| what 2 pressures flutctuate w/ breathing | intralpulmonary and intraplural
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| what pressure eventually equals atmospheric pressure | intrapulmonary
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| of the 3 pressures what is the lowest | intraplural
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| what are the 2 forces that act to pull lungs away | -elasticity(lungs to assume smallest possible)
-surface tension(alveolar to smallest size)
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| what is the opposing force in lungs | elasticity of chest walls pulls thorax outward
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| lung collape is caused by what pressures | intrapleural and intrapulmonary
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| transpulmonary pressure does what | keeps airways open
difference (Ppul-Pip)
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| what does pulmonary ventilation depend on | volume changes in thoracic cavity
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| what is Boyle's Law | inversely proportional pressures and volumes of gases
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| when lungs are stretched what volume increases | intrapulmonary(pressure in alveoli)
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| elastic lungs recoil passively and what volume decereases | intrapulmonary(pressure in alveoli)
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| what are the 3 physical factors that influence ventilation | -airway resistance
-alveolar surface tension
-lung compliance
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| what causes airway resistance | friction
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| what is the formula for flow | flow = pressure/resistance
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| what does pulmonary ventilation mean | inhalation and exhalation
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| what depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity | pulmonary ventilation (inhalation and exhalation)
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| gas flow is inversely proportional to resistance w/greatest resistance in the what | medium-sized bronchi
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| amount of gas flowing in and out of alveoli is directly proportional to pressure gradient between what | atmosphere and aveoli
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| as airway resistance rises breathing becomes | more stenuous
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| severely constricted or obstructed bronchioles does what to ventilation | -prevent life-susstaining ventilation
-occur during acute asthma attacks
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| what does epinephrine do to bronchioles | dilates and reduces air resistance
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| what is secreted by Type II cells | Surfactant
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| what is surface tension in alveolars | attraction of liquid molecules to one another at liquid-gas interface
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| what does the liquid coating do to alveoli | reduces them to the smallest size possiable
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| what does surfactant do | reduces surface tension and keeps them from collapsing
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| what is lung compliance | measure of change in lung volume that occurs w/given change in transpulmonary pressure
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| how is lung compliance determined by | -distensibility of lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage
-surface tension of alveoli
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| what diminishes lung compliance | TB(Scar tissue), blockage of smaller passagway by mucus or fluid(phenmonia),low surfactant production, decreased flexility of thoracic cage
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| what decreases flexibility of thoracic cage | deformities, ossification of costal cartilage, paralysis of intercostal muscles
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| what are the 4 respiratory volumes | -tidal volume(TV)
-inspiratory reserve volume(IRV)
-expiratory reserve volume(ERV)
-residual volume(RV)
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| of the 4 respiratory volumes what is TV (tidal volume) | normal breathing (in and out each breath)
avg.500ml
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| of the 4 respiratory volumes what is the average TV (tidal volume) | 500ml
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| of the 4 respiratory volumes what is inspiratory reserve volume(IRV) | deep breath (forcibly inspired air beyond TV)
avg. range 2100-3200ml
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| of the 4 respiratory volumes what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | exhaled air from lungs beyond TV
avg. range 1000-1200ml
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| of the 4 respiratory volumes what is residual volume (RV) | air left in lungs after max expirstion
avg. 1200ml
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| what is respiratory capacities | add 2 or more volumes together
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| what is inspiratory capacity (IC) | total of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (IRV+TV)(DEEP BREATH + NORMAL BREATH)
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| of respiratory capacitys what is the formula for IC | IRV + TV
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| of respiratory capacity's what is functional residual capacity (FRC) | amount of air remaining in the lungs after tidal expiration (RV + ERV)
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| of respiratory capacity's what is vital capacity (VC) | total amount of exchangeable air (TV + IRV + ERV)
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| of respiratory capacity's what is total lung capacity (TLC) | sum of all volumes (6000 ml)
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| of respiratory capacity's what is the formula for FRC (functional residual capacity) | RV + ERV
residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
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| of respiratory capacity's what is the formula for VC (vital capacity) | TV + IRV + ERV
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| what are the 2 kinds of dead spaces | anatomical-volume of conducting passages(150ml)
alveolar-cease to act in gas exchange due to obstruction or collapse
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| of 2 kinds of dead spaces what is the anatomical dead space | volume of conducting passages avg. 150 ml
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| how do you calculate anatomical dead space | 1 ml per pound of weight
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| 2 kinds of dead spaces what is alveolar dead space | alveoli that ceases in gas exchange due to collapse or obstuction
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| why do you perform a pulmonary function test | to get volume and capasity
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| how do you figure TV (tidal volume) | IC - IRV
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| of pulmonary function tests what does a spirometry test distinguish between what to disorders | obstructive pulmonary disease(increased airway resistance), restrictive disorders(reduction in total lung capacity)
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| what is obstructive pulomonary disease | increased airway resistance
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| what are restrictive disorders | reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes
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| of pulmonary function tests what does total ventilation do | total amount of gas flow in or out of respiratory tract in 1 minute
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| of pulmonary function tests what does (FVC) forced vital capacity do | gas forcibly(beyond normal) after taking deep breath
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| of pulmonary function tests what does (FEV) forced expiratory volume do | amount of gas expelled(beyond normal) during specific time intervals of the FVC
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| of pulmonary function tests (MVR) minute volume of respiration do | total volume of air in or out in 1 minute
MRV=TV(total volume)x bpm(breaths per minute)
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| what is alveolar ventilation rate (ARV) | measures flow of fresh gas into and out of alveoli during particular time
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| what is the ARV alveolar ventilation rate formula | ARV = frequency x TV - dead space
(ml) (bpm) (tidal vol)
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| slow deep breathing does what to ARV (alveolar ventilation rate) | increase cause more time for gas exchanges
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| shallow breathing does what to ARV (alveolar ventilation rate) | decrease cause less time for gas exchange
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| nonrespiratory air movements result from what | reflex action like coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccuping, yawning
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| what are the smallest passageways | bronchioles
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| what separates the oral and nasal cavities | palate
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| what closes of larynx during swallowing | epiglottis
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| the change in lung volume with a given change in transpulmonary pressure | lung compliance
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| gas flow changes inversely w/this factor | respiratory passageway resisatance
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| essental for normal expiration | lung elasticity
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| as t decreases air flows into passageways of the lungs | intrapulmonary pressure
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| as it increases over atmospheric pressure the lungs collapse | intrapulmonary pressure
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| rises well over atmospheric pressure during forceful cough | intrapulmonary pressure
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| also known as intra-alveolar pressure | intrapulmonary pressure
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| if this pressure becomes = to atmospheric pressure lung collapse | intrapleural pressure
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| this pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure | intrapleural pressure
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| what are the structures of speech | glottis, pharynx, arytenoid cartilage
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| what is the function of alveolar type I cells | allow rapid diffusion of respiratory gases
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| what is the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier) | alveolar type I cell, basal laminae, endothelial cell
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| what 3 cells are responsible for removing foreign particles from inspired air | goblet cells, dust cells, ciliated cells
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| what prevents lung collapse | high surface tension of pleural cavities
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| adjustment to high altitude involes | increase in minute respiratory volume, hypersecreation of erythroprotein
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